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.. , ..

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.., .. . - " ". : , 2010. 56 .

, ( ̻). , , . , , , . , - , .

, , , , , , . , .

230100.68 , 230101.65 , , Ȕ .

 

15 2009 ., 2

 

 

2007-2008 , , . 2015 , .

Ó - , , 2010

Ó .., .. , 2010


 

. . , , 60- , 2- .

10. , 8- . : " 9 , , , , , - , ".

2. XVII Explication de lArithmétique Binaire. 0 1, . 1854 An investigation of the laws of thougt (" "), , . . 1937 , . . 1937 Model K, . 1938 Bell Labs . , 8 1940, . American Mathematical Society 11 1940 . . ( , ( ENIAC) ( ), .

 

1

 

1. - :

) (BCD);

) (ASCII).

2. A WORD (16- ).

3. A B 1.

4. A B 2.

5. A B 3.

6. Y Z R S 1.

7. V W R S 2.

8. T Q R S 3.

.. 35 B ( ).

.1 ( A B) .2 ( R S) 1.

 

1.1. -

 

- , ( ):

 
         
         
         
         
         

 

(K), (UNPACK) .

, .

, 8421 ( ).

ASCII (American Standard Code for Interchang Information), . , 0011.

BCD- ( BCD- Binary Coded Decimal).

 

: =395.

a)

0000 0011   1001 0101
    9 5

) ASCII- ( ). 0011.

0011.0011 0011.1001 0011.0101

3 9 5

 

1.2.

 

.

 

. A = 250

1.2.1. A :

(250)10 = (11111010)2.

, () . , (15- ), .

 

: (250)10 = (FA)16.

.

1.2.2. ( ) . ( ).

 

[ A ] = 1.000 0000 1111 1010 ,

[ A ] = 1.111 1111 0000 0101 ,

+ 1

[ A ] = 1.111 1111 0000 0110 .

. , ( ) , , () . . :

:

 

1.3.

 

, :

,

sign A (0 , 1 ),

,

S ,

.

:

1. S =2 ( ) S =16 ( ). 2 , 16 . .

2. .

, ( ).

3. , , . , ( )

= + d,

, d .

2 :

1) ().

2) , 1.

, .

, 1; , VAX 2 ( , ); , ( IEEE-754) 3. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) ( ) . , , .

IEEE: IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic (IEEE . 2008 IEEE ANSI/IEEE Std 754- 2008 (ANSI: American National Standards Institute ).

4. (32 ), (64 ) (128 ). (32 ) .

 

1.4.

1

. , 1 16, . , . . , . , . , .

, .

, .

( ) ( 1 64), , .

 

1.4.1. 1 =250.

A :

 

A: XA = PA + 64 = (66)10 = (1000010)2.

, , ( 64),

. . A 1 :

. ,

(1E8,5)16 = (0,1E85)16 ´ 163

.

1.4.2. 1 B = 0,0025. . , .

() , .

B = (0,0025)10 = (0,00A3D70A3)16.

, (3)16 = (0011)2, , (A)16, .

, , (8)16, .

B , , (2):

B = (0,00A3D70A)16 = (0,A3D70A)16 ´ 162.

B: XB = PB + 64 = 2 + 64 = 62 = (0111110)2.

, , : , ( 64)

000010 ,

111110 ,

0111110 .

 

B 1 :

 

1.5.

2

 

2 , S = 2. . (), .

( ) , 2 128 ( 1 2 8 ).

, 2 , , , ( ). , 2 ( ).

 

1.5.1. A:

A:

A 2

 

 

1.5.2. B 8 , , (8).

B:

 

B 2 :

 

 

B 1 2 . 1. ( 8), 2 .

, (0,1A90BC7)16 1

2 -

2 , 1. , , , , , 1 .

 

1.6.

3

 

3 2. :

1) 127 ( 2 128);

2) , .. ( 2 ).

 

1.6.1. A:

:

XA = PA + 127 = 134 = (10000110)2.

 

A 3

 

, :

) 1 2 3 ;

) 2 3 ( );

) 3 2 ( 2).

 

1.6.2. :

:

XB = PB + 127 = 118 = (01110110)2.

 

: , :

0001001 ,

1110110 ,

01110110 .

 

B 3 :

 

1.7. 1

 

R = C318FC00, S = 3E600000

1.6.1. Y R 1:

, Y ( ).

Y :

PY = XY 64 = 3.

Y :

Y = (0,18FC)16 ´ 163.

Y () . Y , , . :

Y = (18F,C)16.

Y :

Y = (1 ´ 162 + 8 ´ 161 + 15 ´ 160 + 12 ´ 161) =

= (256 + 128 +15 + 0,75) = 399,75.

1.7.2. Z S :

Z:

PZ = XZ 64 = 62 64 = 2.

Z:

Z = (0,6)16 ´ 162 = (0,006)16 = 6/163 = 6/212 = 3/211 =

= (3/2) ´ (1/210) = (3/2) ´ (1/1024) 1,5 ´ 10-3.

: 2-10 10 -3.

 

1.8. 2

 

1.8.1. V 2 :

V:

PV = XV 128 = 134 128 = 6.

V :

, 1.

 

V 6 :

V = (100110,00111111)2.

V :

) :

(100110)2

 

= 25 + 22 + 21 = 32 + 4 + 2 = 38;

) :

:

(0,00111111)2 = 2-3 + 2-4 + 2-5 + 2-6 + 2-7 + 2-8 =

= 1/8 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64 + 1/128 + 1/256 = 63/256 0,246;

:

(0,00111111)2 = (111111)2 ´ 2-8 = 63 ´ (1/256) 0,246;

:

(0,0011111)2 = (0,01)2 (0,00000001)2 = 1/4 1/256

0,25 0,004 = 0,246.

V:

V 38,246.

 

1.8.2. W :

W:

PW = XW 128 = 124 128 = 4.

W :

W = (0,111)2 ´ 24.

W :

W = (0,0000111)2.

W:

W = (0,0000111)2 = (111)2 ´ 27 = 7 / 128 0,0547.

 

1.9. 3

 

1.9.1. 3 , V 2 (. 1.8.1).

:

PT = XT 127 = 134 127 = 7.

:

:

) :

(10011000)2 = 27 + 24 + 23 = 128 + 16 + 8 = 152.

) :

(0,111111)2 = 1 (0,000001)2 = 1 1 / 64 0,984.

T:

152,984.

V, , ( ).

 

1.9.2. Q 3 , 2 (.1.8.2.).

Q:

PQ = XQ 127 = 124 127 = 3.

Q:

Q = (1,11)2 ´ 2-3 = (0,00111)2 = (111)2 ´ 2-5 = 7 / 32 0,219.


2

 

.

1. (4 ).

:

) , .

) . .

) . .

) .

2. , , . , . , .1.

3. , , , ( , ) . , , .1 .

 

. , . . . .

, (, ). , . :

CF Carry Flag ( ). . CF (CF =0) (CF =1) () , .

.

PF Parity Flag (). , . ().

AF uxiliary Carry Flag ( ). . ASCII- .

ZF Zero Flag ( ). , - .

SF Sign Flag ( ). ( ) , .

OF Overflow Flag ( ). , . , . . () , , ( ).

. 3 1.

ai i 1- , bi i 2- , pi-1 (i -1)- i , Si i - , pi i (i +1)- ai bi pi-1 si pi
         

, . :

, :

       
   

- : -128 =- 27 ≤ 27 1=127

1.0000000   0.1111111

- : 0 ≤ ≤ 28 1 = 255

2.1. = 57, = 49

       
    6 0     6 0
-     -    
    6 0     6 0

 

1) >0, >0

A = 0.0 1 1 1 0 0 1 57 57

= + 0.0 1 1 0 0 0 1 + 49 + 49

= 0.1 1 0 1 0 1 0 106 106

 

:

F = 0 - ( );

SF = 0 - ( );

ZF = 0 - ( );

AF = 0 - ( );

PF = 1 - ( );

OF = 0 - ( ).

2 ) A <0, B >0

A = 1.1 0 0 0 1 1 1 57 199

= + 0.0 1 1 0 0 0 1 + 49 + 49

= 1.1 1 1 1 0 0 0 248

= 1.0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8

F = 0; SF = 1; ZF = 0; AF = 0; PF = 0; OF = 0.

3) >0, <0

A = 0.0 1 1 1 0 0 1 57 57

= + 1.1 0 0 1 1 1 1 + 49 + 207

= 0.0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8 8?

CF=1; SF=0; ZF=0; AF=1; PF=0; OF=0.

. 256 (8+256 = 264 = =57+207).

 

4) <0, <0

A = 1.1 0 0 0 1 1 1 57 199

=+ 1.1 0 0 1 1 1 1 + 49 + 207

= 1.0 0 1 0 1 1 0 150?

= 1.1 1 0 1 0 1 0 106

CF=1; SF=1; ZF=0; AF=1; PF=1; OF=0.

. 256 (150+256 = = 406 = 199+207).

 

2.2. :

+ > 128, 128 < 127.

= 57 (), = 96 ()

+     -    
    6 0     6 0

.

1) > 0, > 0

= 0.0 1 1 1 0 0 1 57 57

= + 0.1 1 0 0 0 0 0 + 96 + 96

= 1.0 0 1 1 0 0 1 153

= 1.1 1 0 0 1 1 1 -103?

CF = 0; SF = 1; ZF = 0; AF = 0; PF = 1; OF = 1.

.

:

- . , .

- . , , .

 

2) < 0, < 0

= 1.1 0 0 0 1 1 1 -57 199

= + 1.0 1 0 0 0 0 0 + -96 + 160

= 0.1 1 0 0 1 1 1 +103? 103?

CF = 1; SF = 0; ZF = 0; AF = 0; PF = 0; OF = 1.

(. ), .

 

2.3. ( = 49), + = 128, , - . = 79.

 

+     -    
    6 0     6 0

 

1) > 0, B > 0

= 0. 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 79 79

= + 0. 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 + 49 + 49

= 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -128? 128

 

CF = 0; SF = 1; ZF = 0; AF = 1; PF = 0; OF = 1.

(. ).

2) A < 0, B < 0

= 1. 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 - 79 177

= + 1.1 0 0 1 1 1 1 + - 49 + 207

= 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -128 128?

CF = 1; SF = 1; ZF = 0; AF = 1; PF = 0; OF = 0.

, .


3

 

.

, 2, , 2 3 .

.3 1.

 

, .

:

 

ai , bi , zi-1 i - (i -1)- , r i i - , zi (i +1)- i- . 3.1. = 67, = 51 ai bi zi-1 ri zi
         

= (67)10 = (1000011)2

= (51)10 = (110011)2

1) > 0, B > 0

= _ 0.1 0 0 0 0 1 1 _ 67 _ 67

= 0.0 1 1 0 0 1 15151

= 0.0 0 1 0 0 0 0 16 16

CF = 0; SF = 0; ZF = 0; AF = 0; PF = 0; OF = 0.

 

2) < 0, > 0

= _ 1.0 1 1 1 1 0 1 _- 67 _189

= 0.0 1 1 0 0 1 1+5151

= 1.0 0 0 1 0 1 0 138

= 1.1 1 1 0 1 1 0 - 118

CF = 0; SF = 1; ZF = 0; AF = 0; PF = 0; OF = 0.

 

3) > 0, B < 0

= _ 0. 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 _ 67 _ 67

= 1. 1 0 0 1 1 0 1- 51205

= 0. 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 118 118?

CF = 1; SF = 0; ZF = 0; AF = 1; PF = 0; OF = 0.

.

4) < 0, B < 0

= _ 1.0 1 1 1 1 0 1 _ - 67 _ 189

= 1 .1 0 0 1 1 0 1- 51205

= 1.1 1 1 0 0 0 0 240?

= 1.0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -16

 

CF = 1; SF = 1; ZF = 0; AF = 0; PF = 1; OF = 0.

.

3.2. :

+ > 128, 128 < < 127

= 67 (), = 64 ()

 

1) < 0, > 0

= _ 1.0 1 1 1 1 0 1 _ - 67 _ 189

= 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 06464

= 0.1 1 1 1 1 0 1 125? 125

CF = 0; SF = 0; ZF = 0; AF = 0; PF = 1; OF = 1.

, :

- ;

- ( , ).

 

2) > 0, < 0

= _ 0.1 0 0 0 0 1 1 _ 67 _ 67

= 1 .1 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 64192

= 1.0 0 0 0 0 1 1 131?

= 1.1 1 1 1 1 0 1 -125?

CF = 1; SF = 1; ZF = 0; AF = 0; PF = 0; OF = 1.

, - .

 

3.3. ( = 51), + = 128, , . = 77.

 

1) > 0, B < 0

=_ 0.1 0 0 1 1 0 1 _ 77 _ 77

= 1.1 0 0 1 1 0 1- 51205

= 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 128?

= 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 128?

CF = 1; SF = 1; ZF = 0; AF = 0; PF = 0; OF = 1.

; - .

 

2) < 0, B > 0

_ 1.0 1 1 0 0 1 1 _ -77 _ 179

0 .0 1 1 0 0 1 15151

1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 128

1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 128

CF = 0; SF = 1; ZF = 0; AF = 0; PF = 0; OF = 0.

.

 


4

 

1. ( ) A B , . , () . (16 : 15 ). .

2. , .1, A B , . .

.4 1.

 

. . , . , , .. , . , . , , , , .. , .

 

, . : ) ; ) . , . , .

 

( ), .. .

 

1. A = 15, B = 13.

( 4 ) ( 9 ). , . , , .

:

[+ A ] = 0.1111; [ A ] = 1.0001;

[+ B ] = 0.1101; [ B ]





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