1. We're going to see a film this evening.
2. The weather forecast says it's snowing tomorrow.
3. What are you doing next weekend?
4. I think England are winning the soccer match tonight.
5. I'm staying at home this evening.
6. Do you think Sarah is passing her exams this summer?
Exercise 7. Choose the correct answer (Present simple and will).
1. We'll go for a picnic tomorrow if the weather_____ nice.
A. will be В. is
2. Simon will get a ticket for the U2 concert, providing he _____ all night.
A. will queue В. queues
3. If you go to Moscow, you ______ Red Square.
A. will see В. see
4. Sue will give me some money when she ______ paid.
A. will get В. gets
5. I'll phone Mike as soon as I _____ any news.
A. will hear В. hear
6 Unless you work hard,you your exams.
A .will fail B. fail
Exercise 8. Future continuous and future perfect
Ken and Kate are going to Paris tomorrow. Here is their timetable for tomorrow morning:
7.30-8.30 Drive to the airport
8.30 Check-in at the airport
10.00-11.00 Flight to Paris
11.15-11.45 Taxi to the hotel
1.00 Lunch at the hotel
Complete the sentences about Ken and Kate.Put the verbs into the future continuous or future perfect.
1. At 8.00 they (leave)home and they(drive)to the airport.
2. At 8.30 they (arrive)at the airport and they (check-in).
3. At 10.15 they (fly)to Paris.
4. At 11.30 they (arrive)in Paris and they (drive)to their hotel.
5. At 1.10 they (have)lunch at the hotel.
Exercise 9. Read the conversation and say if the verb refers to the present or the future.
Mark: (►) What are you reading, Claire?
Claire: Oh, it's a guidebook to Brazil. (1) I 'm going there next month. (2) My sister and I are havin g a holiday there. (3) I 'm really looking forward to it. (4) We 're spending three weeks in Rio. (5) So I 'm finding out about all the things we can do there.
► present 3
1 4
2 5
Exercise 9. For each situation write a sentence with the present continuous. Use the verbs in brackets.
►Mike and Harriet have accepted an invitation to Tom's party next week, (go).
They're going to Tom's party next week.
1. Laura has agreed to be in the office on Saturday, (work)
2. Claire has just bought a plane ticket to Cairo dated 15 May. (fly)
3. Mark has arranged a meeting with his boss at four o'clock this afternoon, (see)
4. Matthew and Daniel have booked a tennis court for tomorrow afternoon, (play)
Exercise 10. Put the verbs into the present continuous or the present simple.
Emma: (►) Are you doing (you / do) anything tonight?
Matthew: Yes, (1) …… (I / go) to the station to meet my friend Richard.
(2) …… (he / stay) here for the weekend, remember? His train (3) …… (get) in at eight fifteen.
Emma: Oh, of course. I'd forgotten about that.
Matthew: Maybe we'll see you later. What (4) …… (you / do) tonight?
Emma: Oh, (5) …… (I / go) to the cinema with Vicky and Rachel and a couple of other people. The film (6) …… (finish) quite early, so (7) ……. (we / go) to a pizza place afterwards.
TEXT 4
BRANCHES OF LAW
Law is the body of rules by which men live together in society. Wherever more than one person is living, law is necessary for settling possible conflicts.
Law can be divided into two main branches: 1) private law and 2) public law.
Private law deals with the rights and obligations people have in their relations with one another. Public law concerns the rights and obligations people have as members of society and as citizens. Both private law and public law can be subdivided into several branches. However, the various branches of public law are closely related, and in many cases they are overlap.
Private law can be divided into six main branches. These branches are: contract and commercial law, tort law, property law, inheritance law, family law, and corporation law. The dividing line between the various branches is not always clear, however. For example, many cases of property law also involve contract law.
The law of tort. Torts include wrongs such as negligence, defamation, malicious prosecution and nuisance. If these legal rights have been infringed, a plaintiff can sue for compensation in a tort action. An example of a tort is libel. Here, the plaintiff must prove to the court that the statement concerned was defamatory. The court takes a decision and, if the plaintiff is successful, damages can be awarded. One of the most important tort actions is that for negligence, when a person fails to live up to an expected standard of care and someone is injured as a result. This can cover physical damage or financial loss.
The law of contract. A contract is an agreement between two or more parties, which is enforceable in law. There are few rules about the form of contracts, although some contracts have to be written – for example, the sale of land or a house. An example of a contract is the purchase of goods in a shop. If the goods purchased turned out to be shoddy, the purchaser can sue the seller in the civil courts usually for damages.
Public law can be divided into four branches: criminal law, constitutional law, administrative law and international law. In many cases, the branches of public law, like those of private law, overlap. For example, a violation of administrative law may also be a violation of criminal law.
Law in Ukraine can also be divided into two main branches: private law and public law.
Private law determines a person’s rights and obligations in many kinds of activities that involve other people in such principal areas as property, obligations, family law and inheritance. Private law can also be subdivided into branches according to the kinds of legal rights and obligations involved. These branches are: civil law, family law, labour law, and housing law.
Public law involves government directly. It defines person’s rights and obligations in relation to government. Public law also describes the various divisions of government and their powers. Public law can be subdivided into such branches as: constitutional law, criminal law, financial law, agrarian law, ecological law, administrative law and international law.
VOCABULARY NOTES
public, adj. 1) of or affecting a population or community as a whole; 2) done, acting, etc., for the community; 3) open to all persons; maintained by or for a community: a public library; a matter of public knowledge; public opinion; public life; public relations; public school.
Syn. civil, general, open Ant. personal, private, closed
private, adj. 1) concerning one person or group of persons, not people in general; 2) of or belonging to some particular person or persons; personal: a private letter; living for private means; at my private house; a private life; private information.
Syn. individual, own, personal Ant. public, common, official
right, n. something to which a person is entitled, as by just claim or legal guarantee; something one may do or have by law: the right to education; to defend the right. He has a right to do that.
Syn. permission, licence, power
obligation, n. moral or legal duty; moral responsibility; smth. which a person is bound to do or not to do as a result of an agreement or responsibility: to be under an obligation to a friend for his help.
Syn. duty, charge, compulsion, responsibility
violate, v. to break (a law, an oath, a promise, a treaty, etc.); to act without proper respect: to violate law; to violate smb’s property.
Syn. break, disobey, infringe Ant. obey, respect
violation, n. the act of violating or state being violated; a breach, as of law: act in violation of treaty; violation of the rights of the citizens.
Syn. breach, infringement, abuse
violence, n. 1) intense force; 2) abusive or injurious physical force or action; damage; 3) violent act (conduct): crimes of violence; robbery with violence.
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Consult a dictionary and transcribe the following words.
society private violation labour malicious
necessary public determine government nuisance
branch right inheritance negligence purchase
Exercise 2. Find in the text international words and translate them.
Exercise 3. Study the Vocabulary Notes and translate them into Ukrainian.
Exercise 4. Select the word or word combination best suited to the context. Use the Reference List.
Reference List
obligations private law
violation rights
public violence
define private
right property law
1. There are many … holidays in Ukraine.
2. According to the Constitution of Ukraine chapter 2 declares the main … freedoms and … of the citizens of Ukraine.
3. … and … legal aid and services provide poor people with free counsel in … cases.
4. However, many poor people do not know they have a … to legal services.
5. People who use the … to obtain political demands have claimed the responsibility for the bomb blast which killed 20 people.
6. It would do … to his principles to work on Sundays.
Exercise 5. Find the sentences in the text containing the word combinations and phrases given below. Translate them into Ukrainian. Make up sentences with these word combinations.
a body of rules branches of law
to settle conflicts to determine
to deal with to involve
person’s rights and obligations divisions of government
kinds of activities violation of law
Exercise 6. Match the words and their definitions.
contract law and - determines the legal rights and
commercial law obligations of husbands and wives and
of parents and children
tort law - deals with the rights and obligations of
people who make contracts
inheritance law - governs the formation and operation of
business corporations
property law - deals with the rights and obligations of
the persons involved in such cases that
may cause bodily harm, damage a
person’s property, business, or
reputation
family law - concerns the transfer of property upon
the death of the owner
corporation law - governs the ownership and use of
property
Exercise 7. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word combinations.
1. to settle conflicts 1. порушення
2. private law 2. вид діяльності
3. public law 3. стосуватися
4. relations 4. визначати
5. branches of law 5. житлове право
6. to involve 6. частково збігатися
7. violation 7. вирішувати суперечки
8. housing law 8. торгове право
9. to define 9. приватне право
10. kind of activity 10. втягувати; залучати
11. деліктне право
12. публічне право
13. справа; діло
14. галузі право
15. відношення; стосунки
Exercise 8. Translate the following words and word combinations into English or Ukrainian.
To settle possible conflicts; збірник законів; галузь права; public law; приватне право; мати справу з; members of society; to overlap; права і обов’язки; мати відношення; property law; трудове право; справа, діло; деліктне право; contract law; to describe; порушення; міжнародне право; power; principal area; кримінальне право; екологічне право; to be closely related to; спадкове право; відповідно до; to determine.
Exercise 9. Pick up pairs of synonyms.
Law; society; person; conflict; to divide; obligation; to concern; to define; branch; case; major; property; contract; violation; violence; administrative; tort; kind; legal; involve; various; government; inheritance; a body of rules; together; commercial; ecological; constitutional; right; to violate.
Permission; business; a set of laws; administration; include; type; governmental; breach; belongings; sphere; to deal with; to separate; individual; community; dispute; duty; to determine; matter; main; agreement; force; wrong; lawful; different; collectively; environmental; statutory; legacy (heritage); to disobey; rule.
Exercise 10. Pick up pairs of antonyms.
To divide; conflict; activity; legal; lawful; major; together; private; to violate; clear; possible; obligation; public.
Right; confused; public; secondary; illegal; peace; to combine; passivity; unlawful; alone; to obey; impossible; personal.
Exercise 11. State if the following sentences are True or False. Correct them if necessary.
1. Law is the body of rules by which men live together in society. (T; F)
2. Law isn’t necessary for settling possible conflicts. (T; F)
3. Law can be divided into three main branches: private law, constitutional law and public law. (T; F)
4. In many cases branches of public law are closely related. (T; F)
5. Private law deals with rights and obligations people have as members of society and as citizens. (T; F)
Exercise 12. Read the text. Choose the best answers.
1. Law can be divided into two main branches …
a) private law and administrative law.
b) private law and public law.
c) Private law and financial law.
2. Private law deals with …
a) rights and obligations people have as members of society.
b) rights and obligations of people who make contracts.
c) rights and obligations people have in their relations with one another.
3. Public law defines …
a) the legal rights and obligations of husbands and wives.
b) a person’s rights and obligations in relation to government.
c) the operations of government agencies.
4. Private law in Ukraine is divided into such branches as: …
a) housing law, labour law and constitutional law.
b) financial law, agrarian law and civil law.
c) civil law, family law, housing law and labour law.
5. Public law in Ukraine can be divided into such branches as: …
a) property law, tort law, contract law and family law.
b) criminal law, ecological law, financial law, constitutional law, agrarian law and international law.
c) International law, labour law, financial law and housing law.
Exercise 13. Answer the following questions on the text.
1. What is law?
2. What are the main branches of law?
3. What is law necessary for?
4. What does private law deal with?
5. What does public law concern?
6. Why may a violation of administrative law also be a violation of criminal law?
7. What are the major branches of private law?
8. Why is the diving line between the various branches not always clear?
9. What do torts include?
10. When can a plaintiff sue for compensation in a tort action?
11. Can you give the examples of a tort?
12. What is a contract?
13. Can you give an example of a contract?
14. What are the main branches of public law?
15. How many branches can law be divided in Ukraine?
16. What legal rights and obligations does private law determine in
Ukraine?
17. What are the branches of private law in Ukraine?
18. What does public law involve?
19. What does public law define?
20. What does public law describe?
21. What are the branches of public law in Ukraine?
Exercise 14. Match the beginning and the end of the proverbs and sayings. Find the appropriate translation given below. Comment their meaning.
1. Amendment is … 1. the first step to repentance.
2. The exception … 2. repentance.
3. Confession is … 3. proves the rule.
1. Нема правила без виключення.
2. Визнання провини – перший крок до розкаяння.
3. Внесення поправки є визнанням своєї неправоти.
Exercise 15. Topics for discussion.
1. Speak about private law.
2. Speak about public law.
3. Speak about two main branches of law.
4. Speak about branches of law in Ukraine.
