( ).
, dNu, u u + du, N du , u, du, : dNu = f(u)×N×du, f(u) - , . , ( ): f(u) = dNu/Ndu = d/du, : d = dNu/N - , u u + du. f(u) = d/du , . .
( ) , , (, ). , .
, :
, , ( ) . , 100 %, . . .
- , , , , .
// :
/ : f(u) = (m/2pk)1/2×
/ : f(u) = (m/2pk)3/2×× ×4pu2
: m - , k = 1,38×10-23 / - .
.
:
, ( u), . , , (Z U), . . , c u = 0.
, u, : u = u, df/du = 0 Þ u = Ö(2k/m) = Ö(2R/).
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, . , . "" : "" , . . , .
( ) () , , ( ). , , ( ) . , , , : u = 0 u = 0 [f(u) = d(u) = 0, u ¹ 0].
,
( ) , . , () , <u> u :
<u> = (u1 + u2 + + uN)N = (1N) = (1N) = = Ö(8kҤpm) = Ö(8RҤp),
u2 = (u12 + u22 + + uN2)N = (1N) = (1N) = = (3kҤm) = (3RҤ) Þ u = Ö<u2> = Ö(3kҤm) = Ö(3RҤ).
, : u = Ö(2k/m), <u> = Ö(8kҤpm) u = Ö(3kҤm) u: <u>: u = 2: 8/p: 3 = 1: 1,13: 1,22. . , ( ) ( ), , , , .
u2 = (3kҤm) . , , m<u2>/2 = 3k/2 ( ), .
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, (). . . 3 ( , , ) - - , k/2.
, , . , , : = ik/2, i - . : = iR/2.
( ) i = 3 - , U, Z.
-
. - ,
, , , = Jw2/2. 3 , . , , .
, .
1920 .
. , L, . , , , . , u, , R r, j = wt = w(R r)/u. - l = Rj = wR(R r)/u .
// .
, , = 0 . . , .