УСР № 2
Тема: Branches of Law
Вид работы: Text work “DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAW”
Цель:
- развивать умения быстро находить нужное для данного контекста значение слова или фразы
- развивать умения трансформировать грамматическую форму слова, встречающуюся в тексте, в словарную, исходную
- формировать навыки адекватного нормам родного языка письменного перевода английского текста на русский язык
Этапы работы:
1) Прочитать текст
2) Перевести 2 абзаца на выбор преподавателя
3) Составить глоссарий к тексту (мин. 20 слов и выражений)
4) Выполнить упражнения к тексту
DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAW
There are many ways in which law can be classified. Here we shall limit our discussion to the differences between criminal and civil law. Criminal law is much better known to ordinary people as a result of journalists’ reports of famous criminal trials. Criminal law is concerned with the general well being and the civil law with individual rights and duties.
A simple distinction between criminal law and civil law is that the latter regulates the relationships between individuals or bodies and the former regulates the legal relationships between the state and individual people or bodies.
So, in civil law, a private party (e.g., a corporation or individual person) files the lawsuit and becomes the plaintiff. In criminal law, the litigation is always filed by the government, who is called the prosecution.
One more fundamental distinction between civil and criminal law is in the notion of punishment. In criminal law, a guilty defendant is punished by either incarceration in a jail or prison, fine paid to the government, or, in exceptional cases, execution of the defendant: the death penalty. Crimes are divided into two broad classes: felonies have a maximum possible sentence of more than one year incarceration, misdemeanors have a maximum possible sentence of less than one year incarceration.
In contrast, a defendant in civil litigation is never incarcerated. In general, a losing defendant in civil litigation only reimburses the plaintiff for losses caused by the defendant’s behavior.
A civil action begins when an individual or organization, called the plaintiff, issues a writ against another individual or organization, called the defendant. The plaintiff formally states the injuries or losses he or she believes were caused by the defendant’s actions in a document called a statement of claim. The plaintiff also asks for a certain amount of money in damages.
The defendant receives notice that a complaint has been filed and is directed to appear in court on a certain date. The defendant then files a document called a defence. The defence contains the defendant’s version of the facts of the case and asks the court to dismiss the case. The defendant also may file a counterclaim against the plaintiff.
In most cases, the writ, the statement of claim, and the defence are the first of a series of documents called the pleadings. In the pleadings, the plaintiff and defendant state their own claims and challenge the claims of their opponents. Most civil cases are settled out of court on the basis of the pleadings. However, if serious questions remain, a formal discovery takes place. This procedure forces each litigant (partyinvolved in the case) to reveal evidence that would be introduced in court. If the case still remains in dispute after discovery, it goes to trial. The judge or jury determines who is at fault and how much must be paid in damages. After the decision, the losing side may appeal within ten days.
The civil law is a vast thing – a thousand year old and still growing. Civil law is a term with several meanings. The term is often used to describe the rules of private law and to set them apart from the rules of criminal law. When used in this way, civil law covers such matters as contracts, torts, the law of succession, family law, the law of trusts, ownership of property, and payment for personal injury. Criminal law deals with actions that are harmful to society such as murder, rape, robbery, assault, theft, kidnapping, etc.
Notes
well being – благосостояние
file the lawsuit – возбуждать дело
misdemeanor – проступок
reimburse – возмещать
a writ – предписание, судебная повестка
challenge the claim – опротестовывать иск
law of succession – наследственное право
law of trust – трастовое право
Vocabulary practice
1. Think of the examples of the actions, that constitute:
- a criminal offence (actions that are harmful to society such as murder, rape, robbery, assault, theft, kidnapping, etc.
- a civil wrong (contracts, torts, the law of succession, family law, the law of trusts, ownership of property, and payment for personal injury.)
- both (payment for personal injury)
2. Complete these sentences with appropriate preposition from the box:
| by, in, for, with, of, for, out, in, of, against |
1. Criminal law is concerned with the general well being.
2. The litigation in criminal law is filed by the government.
3. A guilty defendant is punished by incarceration in a jail or prison.
4. A losing defendant reimburses the plaintiff for losses.
5. The plaintiff asks for a certain amount of money in damages.
6. The defendant may file a counterclaim against the plaintiff.
7. Most civil cases are settled out of court.
3. Form the nouns:
| to discuss – discussion to differ – difference to regulate – regulation to relate – relationship to file – file to execute – execution to defend – defence, defendant to divide – division to incarcerate – incarceration | to lose – loss to litigate – litigant, litigation to cause – cause to behave – behavior to organize – organization to issue – issue to state – statement to injure – injury to believe – belief | to direct – direction to dismiss – dismissal to plead – pleading to settle – settlement to precede – precision to introduce – introduction to own – ownership to pay – payment to complain – complaint |
1. Match the noun with the verb:
| 1. e. to classify 2. g. to regulate 3. a. to file 4. b. to become 5. d. to issue 6. f. to punish 7. c. to challenge 8. h. to cover | a. the lawsuit b. the plaintiff c. the claim d. a writ e. the law f. a guilty defendant g. relationship h. contracts, torts |
Text Analysis
1. Answer the questions:
1. What is criminal law concerned with? (Criminal law is concerned with the general well being)
2. What is civil law concerned with? (the civil law is concerned with individual rights and duties.)
3. Name a simple distinction between criminal and civil law. (A simple distinction between criminal law and civil law is that the latter regulates the relationships between individuals or bodies and the former regulates the legal relationships between the state and individual people or bodies.)
3. Give a fundamental distinction between civil and criminal law. (One more fundamental distinction between civil and criminal law is in the notion of punishment.)
4. How can we divide crimes? (Crimes are divided into two broad classes: felonies have a maximum possible sentence of more than one year incarceration, misdemeanors have a maximum possible sentence of less than one year incarceration.)
4. When does a civil action begin? (A civil action begins when an individual or organization, called the plaintiff, issues a writ against another individual or organization, called the defendant.)
5. What does the document “defence” contain? (The defence contains the defendant’s version of the facts of the case and asks the court to dismiss the case.)
6. What matters cover civil law? (Civil law covers such matters as contracts, torts, the law of succession, family law, the law of trusts, ownership of property, and payment for personal injury.)
7. What actions does criminal law deal with? (Criminal law deals with actions that are harmful to society such as murder, rape, robbery, assault, theft, kidnapping, etc.)
2. Mark the statements T (True) or F(False) according to the information in the text:
1. Criminal law is concerned with the relationships between individuals and bodies. False
2. In criminal law a private party files the lawsuit and becomes the plaintiff. False
3. Crimes are divided into felonies and misdemeanors. True
4. The term “civil law” describes the rules of private law. True
5. Civil law deals with actions that are harmful to society. False
3. Complete the sentences:
1. Criminal law is known to people as a result of journalists’ reports of famous criminal trials.
2. In criminal law the litigation is always filed by the government, who is called the prosecution.
2. A guilty defendant in criminal law is punished by either incarceration in a jail or prison, fine paid to the government, or, in exceptional cases, execution of the defendant: the death penalty.
3. Crimes are divided into two broad classes: felonies have a maximum possible sentence of more than one year incarceration, misdemeanors have a maximum possible sentence of less than one year incarceration.)
4. The plaintiff formally states the injuries or losses he or she believes were caused by the defendant’s actions in a document called a statement of claim.
5. The plaintiff also asks for a certain amount of money in damages.
6. Most civil cases are settled out of court on the basis of the pleadings.
