. . , , , . . , . . . Q QV. . . . . . , , .
. . . . . () .
. . . . , , . . . .
. . . . . , , , . . . . , .
1.1.
298 , (. 1). , 2(), 2(), N2().
:
() + 2() = 2() + 393,51 ;
2() + 2() = 2() + 285,83 .
1
∆ , | ||||
4N2 | 632,20 | |||
3N2 | 708,77 | |||
24 | 1193,07 | |||
482 | 2246,39 | |||
383 | 1661,05 | |||
27N | 1768,59 | |||
36 | 1785, 73 | |||
512 | 3536,15 | |||
39N | 2442,92 | |||
-1 | 38 | 2010,41 | ||
410 | 2877,13 | |||
512 | 3320,84 | |||
66 | 3063,52 | |||
662 | 2860,60 | |||
67N | 3396,20 | |||
762 | 3226,70 | |||
55N | 2755,16 | |||
18362 | 11274,60 | |||
78 | 3947,94 | |||
818 | 5470,58 | |||
108 | 5156,78 | |||
614 | 4194,75 | |||
410 | 2868,76 | |||
122211 | 5646,73 | |||
242 | 874,58 | |||
1016 | 5924,84 | |||
410 | 2671,90 | |||
2 | 561,07 | |||
224 | 251,88 | |||
1410 | 7067,45 |
1.2.
|
|
(. 2) ( , , . 1).
1. D H 0 f ,298, D H 0298. ? - ?
2. 298 Δ . D H 0 T Δ .
3. : D C 0 p = f (T).
4. D H 0 , D C 0 p = f (T). ?
5. D S . . S 0298 D S 0298.
6. D C 0 P = f (T) D S 0 T T . D S 0 T?
7. . D G 0298 , . ? T 0, .
8. D G 0 T , T, , D H 0 T D S 0 T ( ). D G 0 T . .
|
|
9. D G 0 T T , D H 0 T D S 0 T . D G 0 T , , .
2
, | ||
4NH3() + 5O2() = 4NO() + 6H2O() | ||
4HCl() + O2() = 2Cl2() + 2H2O() | ||
2KOH() + CO2() = K2CO3() + H2O() | ||
2NaHCO3() = Na2CO3() + H2O() + CO2() | ||
2CuS() + 3O2() = 2CuO() + 2SO2() | ||
Fe3O4() + 4H2() = 3Fe() + 4H2O() | ||
2H2S() + 3O2() = 2SO2() + 2H2O() | ||
Mg(OH)2() = MgO() + H2O() | ||
CS2() + 3O2() = CO2() + 2SO2() | ||
MgCO3() = MgO() + CO2() | ||
Fe2O3() + 3H2() = 2Fe() + 3H2O() | ||
Ca(OH)2() + CO2() = CaCO3() + H2O() | ||
BaO() + CO2() = BaCO3() | ||
4HBr() + O2() = 2Br2() + 2H2O() | ||
4NH3() + 3O2() = 2N2() + 6H2O() | ||
SnO2() + 2H2() = Sn() + 2H2O() | ||
4FeS2() + 11O2() = 2Fe2O3() + 8SO2() | ||
2H2S() + O2() = 2H2O() + S2() | ||
FeO() + H2() = Fe() + H2O() | ||
CaO() + H2O() = Ca(OH)2() | ||
Al2O3() + 3SO3() = Al2(SO4)3() | ||
2NO() + O2() = 2NO2() | ||
2NiS() + 3O2() = 2NiO() + 2SO2() | ||
TiO2() + 2H2() = Ti() + 2H2O() | ||
PbO() + SO3() = PbSO4() | ||
4CO() + 2SO2() = 4CO2() + S2() | ||
CO() + H2O() = CO2() + H2() | ||
Fe2O3() + 3CO() = 2Fe() + 3CO2() | ||
SnO2() + 2CO() = Sn() + 2CO2() | ||
2ZnS() + 3O2() = 2ZnO() + 2SO2() |
1.3.
(. 3).
:
1. KP KC , x, P T, .
2. KP KC 300 , = 7,5104 , x = 0,45.
3. , 3104 300 .
4. T = 300 .
3
+ = 1/2 | 3/2 + = 3/2 | ||
1/2 + = | + 3 = 3 | ||
3 + = 2 | 3 + = | ||
2 + 3 = 3 | + 2 = 2 | ||
2 + 1/2 = 2 | 2 + 2 = 1/2 | ||
3 + 1/2 = | + = | ||
+ 2 = | 2 + 2 = | ||
+ = 3 | 2 + 2 = 3 | ||
1/2 + = 2 | 3 + 3 = 2 | ||
1/2 + = 3 | 1/2 + = 1/2 | ||
2 + 1/2 = 3 | 1/2 + 1/2 = 2 | ||
2 + 3 = 2 | + = 3/2 | ||
3 + 1/2 = 3 | 2 + 2 = 3/2 | ||
3 + 1/2 = 2 | 3/2 + 1/2 = | ||
1/2 + 1/2 = 3 | 3/2 + = 3/2 |
1.1. 273 1234 (. . 1):
0 P = 23,97 + 5,27×103 0,25×105 2 .
298 700 .
. :
,
Q , .
|
|
P = + bT + c1 . T 2
:
.
a, b, c1 , :
1.2. , (D H 0 .) 890,31 . :
() + 2() = 2() + 393,51 ;
2() + 2() = 2() + 285,83 .
. :
() + 2H2() = CH4().
D H 0 = å n D H 0 . (.) å n D H 0 . (.).
D H 0 = 393,51 + 2∙(285,83) (890,31) = 74,86 .
1.3. D C 0 = f (T) () + CO2() = 2CO(). 500 , 172,5 .
. C 0
C 0 = a + bT + c1T 2,
D C 0
D C 0 = D a + D bT +D c1T 2.
, (. . 1).
0 P = f (T), | |||
b ×103 | 1 ×105 | ||
() | 16,86 | 4,77 | 8,54 |
() | 28,41 | 4,10 | 0,46 |
2 () | 44,14 | 9,04 | 8,53 |
:
D a = 2. 28,41 44,14 16,86 = -4,18;
D b = (2. 4,10 9,04 4,77).103 = -5,61.103;
D c1 = [2. (0,46) (-8,53) (-8,54)] .105 = 16,15.105.
:
D C 0 = -4,18 -5,61.103 T + 16,15.105 T 2.
:
.
D C 0 p T :
1.4. () + CO2() = 2CO() () 175,46 ). (. 1.3), 500 ().
.
D C 0 = D a + D bT +D c1T 2 :
D a, D b D c1 1.3. :
= 178,03 .
1.5. KP + = 0,128105 1. ( . %), = 10,13105 2 1 .
. x . x , (2 x) (1 x) .
: | + = | ||
(2 x) | (1 x) | x |
∑ ni = 2 x + 1 x + x = 3 x.
Pi :
Pi = Xi P,
Xi i - , Xi = ;
P .
:
P A = ; P = ; P = .
:
KP = = 0,128105 1.
:
2,32 x 2 6,96 x + 2,64 = 0.
, x 1 = 0,44 x 2 = 2,55.
|
|
, .. x 1. x = 0,44. , 2 0,44 = 1,56 ; 1 0,44 = 0,56 0,44 .
Xi = 100%,
∑ ni = 1,56 + 0,56 + 0,44 = 2,56.
:
X A = ;
X = ;
X = .