, , .
, . () . F1. Esc , , . , Ctrl + F1.
. , , , .. , .
F1. , .
() , . , , .
-. , (Watch), , , .
: Alt + D, Integrated Debugging ( ), ¿ ON () Alt + E .
: , .
. F7: , . , F8.
(Breakpoints) . , Ctrl + F8. (). Ctrl+ F9 . Ctrl + F9 . Alt + B, ¿.
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, F4. , , , . Ctrl + F4, Evaluate ¿. Result , .
(Watch) . . () F5 Alt + F6. , Ctrl + F7 ¿. Break/Watch . Alt + B, (Edit Watch), (Delete Watch) (Remove all Watches). . .
2. -
2.1.
Turbo-Pascal , . , , , , , , . , . - :
Program :
;
;
;
;
:
begin
:
end.
Program . , 63 . .
. .
, ": ". . :
Label 5. 10. 1 ter;
, . :
Const Pi = 3.14159; R = 9.8 TK = 273;
Sbol =True; A =;
: integer (), real (), boolean (),
Char () . , . :
Type days = 1..31;
mont = (jan, feb, ., dec);
. .
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|
. Var (variable). , . . , , . :
Var i, j, k: integer;
, d, max: real;
z: boolean
ch: char
x, y: array (0 . 9) of real
A: array (1. 5, 4 . 20) of integer;
S: month;
, .
. . . , , , . , .
, -.
, , .
. . 249 . , 80 , , , .
2.2.
2.2.1.
:
- A Z;
- 0,..,9;
- + - * /: = < > ;
- and, array, begin,.., with.
, .
.
, .
2.2.2. ,
- , .
. , . .
.
:
123 -42 +689,
-maxint < n < maxint,
maxint . , .
- , , :
653.0 6.53E-02 0.001 - 10.0 - 10.0E05,
E .
.
- True False.
- , , : A, B, 1, % .
() , , , x=. A,B.
, () . , , . . . , , , . .
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. , , . - , . , - . . ( ), ( ) Var. :
Var Matr: array [0.. 10, 5.. 10] of real;
, 66 .
. . [, ] . , :
[i, j, d + b*y].
2.2.3.
, , . . . :
- ; ;
- * , - / , div mod ;
- + , .
, . div : , , :
5 div 2 = 2; 2 div 5 = 0; -5 div 2 = -2; -5 div -2 = 2.
mod . , :
7 mod 2 = 1; 3 mod 5 = 3; (-14) mod 3 = -2; (-10) mod 5 = 0.
. y=a= exp(x*lna), a>0.
.
, , . , . 1.
- , , , , , . . :
a<> (x+ ln(y)); abs(f) < = eps;
(not x1 or x2) and ((x3 or x4) and x1);
(abs (f)< = eps) or (abs (x1- x2) < = eps).
: true false.
< > ( ), = (), < (), > (), <= ( ), > = ( ). .
: not (), and ( ), or ( ). .
2.3.
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2.3.1. . .
. :
: = b;
- ; b - .
, : = , . :
b: =a/z; i: =i+1; x[k]: =c[i, j] * b; s: = xi or (x2<x3);
a b . : a- , b- .
- , begin-end ( ):
begin
end;
, (.), :
{ }
2.4.3.
, :
1) A,
;
2) A X, Xi i i , i =
3)
4) A ;
5)
.
n=6 .
Program PRIMER;
Type Vector = Array[110] of Real;
Matr = Array[110] of Real;
Var Dev: Text;
Kanal: String;
i,j,N: Integer;
Y: Real;
X,Z: Vect;
A: Matr;
{----------------------------------- ----------------------------------------}
Procedure MATRICA (N: Integer; Var A: Matr);
Var i,j,F,f1: Integer;
Begin
F:= 1;
For i:= 1 to N Do Begin
F:= F*i;
For j:= 1 to N Do Begin
If ((i+j) Mod 2) =0 Then f1:=1
Else f1:=-1;
A[i,j]:= f1*1.0*i/j*Abs(Sin(F));
End; End; End;
{----------------------------------- ------------------------------------------}
Procedure VECTOR (N: Integer; A: Matr; Var X: Vect);
Var i, j: Integer
Begin
For i:=1 to Do Begin
X[ i ]:=0.0
For j:=1 to N Do
X[ i ]:= X[ i ] + A[ i, j ]* A[ i, j ];
End; End;
{----------------------------------- ------------------------------------------}
Procedure MATOPER (N: Integer; A: Matr; X: Vect: Var Z: Vect);
Var i, j, k: Integer;
AT, B,C: Matr;
Begin
For i:=1 to N Do
For j:=1 to N Do
If i = j Then B[ i, j ]:= A[ i, j ] 1.0
Else B[ i, j ]:= A[ i, j ];
AT[ i, j ]:= A[ i, j ]; End;
For i:=1 to N Do
For j:=1 to N Do Begin
C[ i, j ]:= 0.0
For k:=1 to N Do
C[ k, j ]:= C[ i, j ]+ B[ i, k ]* AT[ k, j ];
End;
For i:=1 to N Do Begin
Z[ i ]:=0.0;
For j:=1 to N Do
Z[ i ]:= Z[ i ]+ C[ i, j ]* X[ j ];
End; End;
{----------------------------------- -----------------------------------------}
Procedure PORJADOK (N: Integer; A: Matr);
Var i, j, k: Integer;
s: Real;
Begin
For i:=1 To N 1 Do Begin
S:= A[ 2, i ]; k:=1;
For j:=i+1 To N Do
If S < A[ 2, j ] Then Begin
S:= A[ 2, j ]; k:=j; End;
A[ 2, k ]:= A[ 2, i ]; A[ 2, i ]:=S;
End; End;
{-------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------}
Function FUNC (N: Integer; A: Matr): Real;
Var i, j: Integer;
S1, S2: Real;
Begin
S1:=0.0
For i:=1 To N 1 Do Begin
S2:= -exp(30);
j:=1;
While j <= N Do Begin
If S2 < A[ i, j ] Then S2:=A[ i, j ];
j:= j+1; End;
S1:= S1+S2;
End;
Func:=S1; End;
{--------------------------- ----------------------------}
BEGIN
Write (Kanal= ); Readln (Kanal);
Assign (Dev,Kanal);
Rewrite (Dev);
Write (N= ); Readln (N);
MATRICA (N, A);
Writeln(Dev, **************************************************);
Writeln(Dev, : );
For i:=1 To N Do Begin
For j:=1 To N Do
Write(Dev, A[ i, j ]: 10:2);
Writeln(Dev); End;
VEKTOR(N, A, X);
Writeln(Dev, =============================================);
Writeln(Dev, : );
For j:=1 To N Do
Write(Dev, X[ i ]: 10:2);
Writeln(Dev);
MATOPER(N, A, X, Z);
Writeln(Dev, =============================================);
Writeln(Dev, Z: );
For j:=1 To N Do
Write(Dev, Z[ i ]: 10:2);
Writeln(Dev);
MATOPER(N, A, X, Z);
Writeln(Dev, =============================================);
Writeln(Dev, Z: );
For j:=1 To N Do
Write(Dev, Z[ i ]: 10:2);
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Writeln(Dev);
MATOPER(N, A, X, Z);
Writeln(Dev, =============================================);
Writeln(Dev, Z: );
For j:=1 To N Do
Write(Dev, Z[ i ]: 10:2);
Writeln(Dev);
PORJADOK(N, A);
Writeln(Dev, =============================================);
Writeln(Dev, : );
For j:=1 To N Do
Write(Dev, a[ 2, i ]: 10:2);
Writeln(Dev);
Y:= Func(N,A);
Writeln(Dev, =============================================);
Writeln(Dev, Y= , Y: 6: 2);
Writeln(Dev, **************************************************);
END.
********************************************************************
:
0.84 -0.42 0.28 -0.21 0.17 -0.14
-1.82 0.91 -0.61 0.45 -0.36 0.30
0.84 -0.42 0.28 -0.21 0.17 -0.14
-3.62 1.81 -1.21 0.91 -0.72 0.60
2.90 -1.45 0.97 -0.73 0.58 -0.48
-3.26 1.63 -1.09 0.82 -0.65 0.54
:
3.42 3.69 1.13 3.68 2.36 2.21
Z:
-4.23 36.67 -15.20 85.40 -68.45 77.94
:
0.91 0.45 0.30 -0.36 -0.61 -1.82
Y=8.9
********************************************************************************
1. .. . .: , 1987.-101 .
2. .., .., .. . - .: , 1988.-320 .
2. .. . .: , 1991.- 400 .
3. : . . / . .. .: . . . 1990.-479 .
4. ., . Turbo Pascal ( 4 ). .: , 1990.
5. .. . : . . . . . .: , 1990.-223 .
6. -. 11 . 7 / . . .. .: , 1991.-142 .
7. .., .. . .: , 1988.-127 .
8. .. -. .: - , 1990.-580 .
9. . . .: , 1986.-288 .
10. .., .. . .: , 1989.-235 .
11. .., .., .. . : , 1988.-327 .
12. . 8 . 5 , / / . .. .: , 1987.-220 .
, | |||
Abs (x) | |x| | ., . | ., . |
Arctan (x) | arctg (x) | . | . |
Cos (x) | cos (x) | . | . |
Dec (x, n) | x n | ||
Exp (x) | ex | . | . |
Frac (x) | . | . | |
Inc (x, n) | x n | ||
Int (x) | . | . | |
Ln (x) | ln (x) | . | . |
Odd (x) | |||
Random (x) | ., . | ., . | |
Round (x) | . | ||
Sin (x) | sin (x) | . | . |
Sqr (x) | x2 | . | . |
Sqrt (x) | ., . | ., . | |
Trunc (x) | . | ||
Pi | p = 3,14 | _ | . |
. | |
1. - ... | |
1.1. | |
1.2. | |
1.3. .. | |
1.3.1. ... | |
1.3.2. .. | |
1.3.2.1. ... | |
1.3.2.2. | |
1.3.2.3. .. | |
1.3.2.4. | |
1.4. | |
2. - | |
2.1. . | |
2.2. | |
2.2.1. .. | |
2.2.2. . .. | |
2.2.3. . | |
2.3. ... | |
2.3.1. | |
2.3.2. - .. | |
2.3.3. . . | |
2.3.4. .. | |
2.3.5. | |
2.3.6. . | |
2.3.7. . | |
2.4. . | |
2.4.1. - ... | |
2.4.2. - | |
2.4.3. | |
. | |
... |