:
, .
:
- ( - ), . =1,6∙10-19. .
(8.1)
=9,1∙10-31 - , - , =8,8510-12/- , - .
( - ), , .
, , , , .
. ( , , ) , , , (-, ):
1. . , .
.
2. . , ( ) , 2π
(8.2)
=6,62510-34 , =1,05410-34 , = 9,1∙10-31 .
,
; =1,2,3, (8.3)
, ( ).
: , , . , .
:
1. . .
, , , :
(8.4)
2. . (8.1) (8.2) :
; =1,2,3, (8.5),
, . .
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3. . . ( ) , ,
(8.6)
(8.1):
(8.7)
(8.8)
, ( =1,2,3,). , . ( ). (, ) . . ,
(8. 9)
4. . .
, , , . .
~10-8 , ( ).
5. ( =1)
. - , - ( < ), ,
(8.10)
, , ( ) .
. , 1, -1.
,
(8.11),
=3108 /- .
. 8.1
(8.10)
(8.12)
- . , =1,1107-1.
(8.12), , .
( =1, =2,3,4,) . ( =2, =3,4,5,) , ( =3, =3,4,5, ) .(. 8.1 .8.1).
8.1.
, | ||||
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(8.12) , . . , ( =2, =3,4,5,).
-2 , . .8.2.
.8.2
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
1 2 3. . . . , 5 . . .
, 5. 4. . 2, . . ( =2, =3), ( =2, =4) ( =2, =6). , .
1. , , , .
2. N. , .
3. , 3.
4. , 3.
5. 8.2
/ | N, | , | Ri, -1 | R , -1 | ΔRi, -1 | ΔR, -1 | δR= ,% | |
6. (8.12) , Ri (i=1,2) . =1,1107-1.
7. ΔR δR , .
8. (9) (1=1,6∙10-19).
8.2
9. ( ( =1) ), (8.5).
1. ?
2. ?
3. ( < )?
4. ( =3, =2)?
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5. ? , , .
6. .
7. ?
8. , ?
9. .
10. .
11. .
12. .
13. .
9,10 11
() , , , , . ( ) . ( ), .
.. , , - ().
W = hν (9.1)
ν , h = 6,62510-34 .
:
(9.2)
, - , hν . (9.2) .
1). ( ). , .. , , . , , , ( , ) :
I = k (9.3)
k .
2). . (9.2) , ν , .. = const . , .
3). . ν = ν0,
hν0 = (9.4)
0. . ν0 .
(9.4), , , . , .. ν0, .
. , , . , , . .
. n , - .
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γ = neU+neU, (9.5)
e- , n , n , , U . , (9.5) I, , I.
.