1. You work at the computer shop and your group-mate as a client asks you for help to choose a new computer.
2. Your friend comes to your place and sees your computer. Tell him about it. He will buy his one very soon.
Exercise 8. Tell about the computer data processing (8 - 10 sentences).
LESSON VI
Exercise 1. Read new words and word combinations
external environment - внешняя среда
human-related - (взаимо)связанный с человеком
human-independent - независимый от человека
regardless of - несмотря на
similarly- подобным образом; так же; аналогично
to fall between - падать; попадать в интервал между
Exercise 2. The following terms you should learn.
environment- среда; окружение; режим работы;
scan – сканировать remote terminal- удаленный терминал
to match characteristics- сопоставлять параметры
card reader - устройство считывания платы (карты)
input-output interface - интерфейс (сопряжение, место стыковки) ввода-вывода
bar-code scanner / bar-code reader - устройство считывания штрих-кода
line printer - построчный принтер; принтер печатания строки
page printer - принтер с постраничной печатью
visual display- визуальный индикатор
character printer - принтер с посимвольной печатью
digitizer - аналого-цифровой преобразователь; сканер
optical character reader - оптическое считывающее устройство текста
optical mark reader - оптическое считывающее устройство знаков
keyboard input device - клавишное устройство ввода
plotter - графопостроитель
voice recognition and response unit - устройство распознавания голоса и реагирования
READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXT
INPUT-OUTPUT ENVIRONMENT
Data and instructions must enter the data processing system, and information must leave it. These operations are performed by input and output (I/O) units that link the computer to its external environment. The I/O environment may be human-related or human-independent. A remote banking terminal is an example of a human-related input environment, and a printer is an example of a device that produces output in a human-readable format. An example of a human-independent input environment is a device the main function of which is to measure traffic flow. A disc upon which the collected data are stored in binary format is an example of a human-independent output.
Input-Output Interfaces. To enter data to input units computer should choose appropriate form that depends upon the particular device to be used. For example, data are entered from a keyboard in a manner similar to typing, and this differs from the way that data are entered by a bar-code scanner. All input devices must provide a computer with data that are transformed into the binary codes that the primary memory of the computer is designed to accept. This transformation is accomplished by units called I/O interfaces. Input interfaces are designed to match the unique physical or electrical characteristics of input devices to the requirements of the computer system. Similarly, when output is available, output interfaces must be designed to reverse the process and to adapt the output to the external environment. These I/O interfaces are also called channels or input-output processors (IOP). The major differences between devices are the media that they use and the speed with which they are able to transfer data to or from primary storage.
Input-Output Device Speed. Input-output devices can be classified as high-speed, medium-speed, and low-speed. The devices are grouped according to their speed. The high-speed devices are both input and output devices and are used as secondary storage. Here we have some examples of these devices.
High-speed devices: magnetic disk.
Medium-speed devices: card readers; line printers; page printers; computer output microfilms; optical character readers; optical mark readers; visual displays.
Low-speed devices: bar-code readers, character printers, digitizers, keyboard input devices, plotters, voice recognition and response units.
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the purpose of input and output devices? 2. What types of I/O devices do you know? 3. Why are data transformed into a binary code while entering the input device? 4. Give an example of a human independent output? 5. What is an I/O interface? 6. What are the main differences between the various I/O devices? 7. What types of I/O devices tend to be high-speed devices? 8. What types of I/O devices tend to be low-speed devices?
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Find the English equivalents in the text.
Среда устройства ввода-вывода; система обработки информации; внешняя среда; связан с человеком; независим от человека; измерять поток данных; двоичный формат; интерфейс ввода-вывода; устройство считывания штрих-кода; преобразовать в двоичный код; сопоставлять параметры; интерфейс вывода; изменить процесс в обратном направлении; настроить устройство ввода-вывода к внешней среде; основная память; вторичная память; низкоскоростные устройства.
Exercise 2. Define the following word combinations using the vocabulary:
I/O units; human-independent input environment; I/O interfaces; medium-speed devices.
Exercise 3. Remember the meaning of new words and try to translate the following ones.
Environment: application environment; execution environment; hardware environment; interface environment; network environment; processing environment; security environment; software environment; user environment.
Interface: channel interface; common interface; data interface; database interface; display interface; flexible interface; general-purpose interface.
Scanner: bar code scanner; black-and-white scanner; color scanner; desktop scanner; hand scanner; laser scanner; optical scanner; visual scanner.
Terminal: batch terminal; desktop terminal; display terminal; printer terminal; remote terminal; security terminal.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Translate the sentences paying attention to the different ways of the infinitive form translation.
1. A printer is an example of a device to produce output in a human-readable format. 2. The high-speed devices to be used as secondary storage are both input and output devices. 3. The progress of electronics to have resulted in the invention of electronic computers was a breakthrough (прорыв) of the second part of the 20th century. 4. Mendeleyev's periodic law to have been accepted as a universal law of nature is of great importance nowadays. 5. When output is available, output interfaces must be designed to reverse the process and to adopt the output to the external environment. 6. The memory stores the instructions and the data to be quickly retrieved on demand by the CPU. 7. Computers to have been designed originally for arithmetic purposes are applicable for great variety of tasks at present. 8. The movie to have been running for over a month this year attracts attention of many spectators. 9. The CPU of a computer to be arranged in a single or very small number of integrated circuits is called a microprocessor.
Exercise 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Помните, что выражение «in order to» переводится «для того, чтобы».
1.In order to produce high quality colour, ink-jet printers need special paper. 2. You type an instruction in order to get something done. 3. In order to reduce the size of the picture file, use compression software. 4. Buttons on the mouse are pressed in order to make selections. 5. The monitor should be the largest that you can afford in order to avoid eyestrain. 6. What needs to be done in order to keep the system up-to-date? 7. Sysadmins must understand the behavior of software in order to troubleshoot problems. 8. In order to “publish” a Web page, one does not have to go through a publisher or other media institution. 9. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items in order to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed. 10. In order to store larger numbers, several consecutive bytes may be used (typically, two, four or eight)
Exercise 3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя инфинитив.
Model: - What are word-processing packages used for?
-Word-processing packages are widely used to write letters and reports.
1.What is data stored in the computer for? (для того, чтобы выполнять вычисления) 2. What can 3D animation be used for? (для проведения хороших презентаций) 3. What is a counter website used for? (для подсчета количества посетителей сайта) 4. What do you use your modem for? (для соединения с сервером интернет-провайдера) 5. What can an outside company be employed for (для написания программного обеспечения) 6. What can you use your mouse for? (для того, чтобы отметить те статьи, которые вы хотите прочесть) 7. What must the database administrator work closely with the system administrator? (для того, чтобы произвести установку программного обеспечения) 8. What are these options used for? (для выполнения поиска)
Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences and word combinations with the infinitive:
