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, , . , [25], , . [26] , , : , , , , , , ; . , . [27] , [28]. , , , , , - .

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[1] , , ; . : , .

[2] , ( ), , . " -" " -" . " " (with Joseph Ullian, "Truth About Jones", Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 74 (1977) pp. 317-338).

[3] . (Israel Scheffler, "Ambiguity: An Inscriptional Approach" in Logic and Art, Rudner and Scheffler, eds. (Bobbs-Merrill, 1972), pp. 251-272), .

[4] , , . , , (1) (2) , ; , , " " " " , .

[5] , .

[6] , " " - " ". ? , - " "; " , ", .

[7] ; . 2 .

[8] . The Philosophy of Rudolph Carnap, Schilpp, ed. (LaSalle, 1963), pp. 385-406; 915-922.

[9] C. SA: I. " ", "", "" .

, , (14) (15), ; , , .

[10] (14) ( "14a"), , . (14) (14a) - : , (14) , , (14a) . , (14) - , (14a) . , , "" , LA, p. 72.

[11] , , , .

[12] , , . , , , ; . . " " ("Sense and Certainty", PP, pp. 60-68); FFF, pp. 62-65.

[13] . .. " " (C.S.Peirce, "Fixation of Belief" in Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce (Cambridge, Mass., 1931-1958), Vol. V, pp. 223-247); . " " (Israel Scheffler, Four Pragmatists (London, 1974), pp. 60-75).

. , (" , ..."). "", X. (Reconceptions by Nelson Goodman and Catherine Z. Elgin (Hackett, 1988), Chapter X).

[14] . PP, pp. 60-68.

[15] , , . FFF: III IV. , , , .

[16] , , (), , .

[17] . FFF, p. 97; "On Kahane's Confusions", Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 69 (1972), pp. 83-84, Erkenntnis, Vol. 12 (1978), pp. 282-284.

[18] ., , : E. H. Gombrich, Art and Illusion (New York, 1960), LA: I.

[19] . "On J. J. Gibson's New Perspective", Leonardo, Vol. 4 (1971), pp. 359-360.

[20] , , , . . 7 .

[21] "" "", "" , , .

[22] , , , , .. , , ; , , .

[23] : , , , .

[24] , . LA: IV.

[25] Art and Illusion, p. 33 .

[26] "" , , ; , , , .

[27] ( Kells) , . 17 - (. .).

[28] , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , , . .

 





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