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For the period of oscillations of scope without loads have




 

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INTRODUCTION

 

Basic goal of the laboratory work manual on Physics is to enable students to learn important physical phenomena by experience. Laboratory work description does not try to give students a complete picture of the studied phenomena. Such presentation can only be achieved as a result of study of lectures and textbooks.

Large attention in the laboratory work manual on Physics for the students of technical professions is devoted to the handling of the measured results. Prior independent preparation, above all theoretical, is needed for successful completion of the work.

Every laboratory work is supposed to take two academic hours. Before the class a student must prepare a protocol of laboratory work and learn appropriate theoretical material.

During the class students do the necessary measurements, execute calculations and take the report to the conclusion. Measured results are discussed with a teacher and confirmed.

Fully designed report on laboratory work should be given to the teacher before the end of the class. It must include: title sheet, laboratory work number and name, list of devices and installations, purpose of work, drawing of the setting, calculation formulae, table of the measurement results and calculations, conclusions, as the result of the work. Graphs must be done on a millimeter`s paper.

If a student does not have time to support the laboratory work before the end of the class, he/she is allowed to design a report (graph) with the use of the computer programs (Excel, Origin) for the next class.

Laboratory work is considered done after the successful speech in support in front of a teacher (report explanation + mark for theoretical material).

Support of report: purpose of work + experimental method + conclusions.

Theoretical material: knowledge of the physical phenomena, which was studied in this laboratory work (laws, formulas).

43.5

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. (13.9)

ϳ (13.5), Ip , :

, (13.10)

, (13.11)

 

. (13.12)

ϳ (13.10), (13.11) (13.12) , :

 

~ R 2, (13.13)

 

~ L 2, (13.14)

 

~ R 2, (13.15)

(13.13) ÷ (13.15) , (, ).

. (13.16)

(13.13) - (13.15) (13.16),

, (13.17)

 

~ L 2, (13.18)

 

~ R 2. (13.19)

, . , ( ) , k α (. (13.2)). ( ). 2 = f(R2) , 2 = f(L2) . , (13.17) (13.18), , , . , k, m/k2, (13.19) . , , , (13.9).

 

 

1. 220 ܔ.

2. є. 7 6.

3. ʔ. , . .

4. 9, ϔ. ϳ 10- .

5. , , 10.

6. ³ ʔ. 2 ÷ 5 . 13.1.

 

13.1

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13.2

/ R (L), , 2, 2 R 2 (L 2), 2
         
         
         
         
         
       

 

9. T 2 = f (R 2), T 2 = f (L 2). , , .

10. (.13.3) 1 2. , . φ

 

, (13.20)

 

. (13.21)

11. (13.17), (13.20) , (13.18), (13.21)

. (13.22)

12. ϳ , 1 (13.19), (. 13.2).

13. , T 2 = f (R 2). .

14. , , , .

 

 

1. ?

2. .

3. , . .

4. , . ?

5. .

 

˳

 

1. .. Գ.- .: , 2003.- .77-80.

2. .., .. Գ .- : , 2003.-.

3. .. . - .1, .: ,1982.- .196-199.

4. .. .- : , 1990.- .222-223.

 

. ..

 

 

LABORATORY WORK 43.5

TORSION PENDULUM

 

Purpose of work is to study of laws of oscillations of the torsion pendulum.

Task: check up dependence of period of free oscillations torsion pendulum from its moment of inertia; check up a formula for the moment of inertia of ball (peg).

Devices and equipments: torsion pendulum, set of cylinders or pegs, balls.

 

Figure 14.1

 

The experimental setting (fig.14.1) consists of basis 1. In basis a peg is fastened 3, on what fix lower bracket 4 and overhead 13. On these brackets on a steel wire 16 the suspended scope 9, which has a moving slat 10 with two fixative nuts 11. In a scope on two centrings dowels 14 the probed body is fastened 15 (cylinder, peg, cube, ball) and it is compressed spirally 12. On a scope small flag is fastened 7, which, crossing the light ray of photoelectric sensor 8, includes the electronic system of count of amount oscillations (indicator 17) and stop-watch (indicator 22). After help of this small flag a scope of fix is in initial position of electromagnet 6 at certain corner of turn which is measured on a scale 5. On the front panel of device are: switches 18 ', 19 , 20 21 FEET.

 

Theoretical part

 

A turning pendulum is a body, which can be revolved in relation to an arbitrary axis under the action of resilient force, which arises up during deformation of twisting of wire, which the fastened body is on. Write down the fundamental equation of the rotational motion dynamics

(14.1)

where I is a moment of inertia of body, is an angular acceleration. During deformation of twisting of wire the moment of force is proportional the corner of rollup, that

(14.2).

Figure 14.2

 

A sign does minus take into account, that the moment of force is diminished by the corner of turn α. Get differential equation of oscillations of the turning pendulum

. (14.3)

Comparing this equation to general equation of undamped harmonic oscillations

, (14.4)

get cyclic frequency and period of oscillation of the turning pendulum

. (14.5)

For implementation of the first point of task it is necessary to change the moment of inertia of pendulum. It is carried out replacement of bodies which are fastened in a scope 9. For this purpose the complete set of loads is used with different geometrical sizes, but with identical mass. A moment of inertia of cylinder is in relation to its axis

(14.18).

Moment of inertia of peg in relation to an axis, what perpendicular to it and passes through his middle

(14.8).

A moment of inertia of ball is in relation to a diameter

(14.9).

The substitution of this expressions in a formula (14.5), taking into account the moment of inertia of scope of Ip and additivity of moment of inertia, enables to calculate the periods of oscillations:

cylinder , (14.10)

 

peg , (14.11)

 

balls . (14.12)

Bringing expressions (14.10), (14.11) and (14.12) to the square, get:

 

~ R2 (14.13)

 

~ L2 (14.14)

 

~ R2 (14.15)

 

From formulas (14.13) - (14.15) evidently, that the squares of periods of oscillations are proportional the squares of the proper characteristic geometrical sizes of bodies (radius, length).

For the period of oscillations of scope without loads have

. (14.16)

Replacing in expressions (14.13) are (14.15) the first elements by expression (14.16), get

, (14.17)

 

~ L2 (14.18)

 

~ R2. (14.19)

Thus, dependences of squares of periods on the squares of the proper characteristic sizes after a theory must be linear. Thus segment which chops off a chart on wasp of ordinates (squares of periods) equals the square of period of oscillations of free scope, and does the tangent of angle of slope of graph depend on the coefficient of proportion k between a rotary-type moment and corner α (wonders formula (14.2)). Dependence is experimentally probed between the period of oscillations of T of turning pendulum and radius of cylinders (long pegs). A chart is built in the co-ordinates of T2 = f(R2) for cylinders, whether T2 = f(L2) for pegs. If a graphic will be lineal, then it high-quality confirms justice of theoretical formulas (14.17) and (14.18), and coinciding of values, which chop off this graphic on wasp of ordinates, with the square of period of scope in number confirm justice of these formulas. Except for it, on the tangent of angle of slope of the indicated graph it is possible to find a coefficient k, and more precisely relation of m/k2, and after a formula (14.19) to calculate the period of oscillations of Tk. If it a calculation value will be near to directly measured, it will confirm justice of theoretical formulas, and in particular, formulas (14.9).

 

Practical part

 

1.To plug a device in a network 220 V and to press the switch of '.

2. To press the switch of є. Carefully to turn a scope to its fixing due to reaching of small flag by a 7 electromagnet 6.

3. To press a switch ʔ. An electromagnet will release a scope, and it will begin to carry out turning oscillations. An electronic block will deduct the amount of full oscillations and time of oscillations.

4. When a number 9 will appear on the indicator of amount of oscillations, to press a switch ϔ. Upon termination of 10th oscillation stop-watch of stop.

5. To define the period of oscillations, dividing time into the amount of oscillations, that on 10.

6. To push back a switch ʔ. To execute measuring of period of oscillations of Tr in obedience to points 2 ÷ 5 three times. To add results to the table 14.1.

 

Table 14.1

T, s   ΔT, s   (ΔT)2, s2  
       
       
       
  =   ∑(Δ )2=

 

Measure a Vernier calipers the diameters of cylinder (length of peg) and ball. Carefully, not to cut a wire short, fasten a load in a scope. For this purpose to release nuts 11, to move a slat 10 up, how downward, that centrings dowels 14.

7. Got in openings on a load. To twirl nuts and clutch a load spirally 12. To fasten a cylinder along his axis, peg - athwart to the plane of scope.

8. Like points 2 ÷ 5 to measure the period of oscillations on once for all loads, including for a ball. To add the results of measurings to the table 14.2.

 

 

Table 14.2.

R (L), mm , s 2, s2 R 2 (L 2), mm2
         
         
         
         
         
Ball          

 

9. To build the chart of dependence of T2 = f(R2), or T2 = f(L2). To continue a chart to crossing with the axis of ordinates and on a segment which is chopped off on it, to define the square of period of oscillations of free scope .

10. On lineal part of graphic (fig.14.2) a little rather one from the second to choose two points 1 and 2. To define their co-ordinates for to the axes, but not from a table. To find the tangent of corner φ to inclination of graphic by formula

 

, (14.20)

 

or . (14.21)

11. After formulas (14.17), (14.20) for cylinders, or (14.18), (14.21) for pegs to calculate a numerical value

. (14.22)

12. Putting the got value, and also mean value , from a table 1 in a formula (14.19), calculate the square of period of oscillations of ball and compare it to directly measured (see a table 14.2).

13. To define the value of ordinate which is chopped off by the graphic T2 = f(R2). To compare this value to the square of period of oscillations of scope.

14. Draw conclusion that to implementation of laws of oscillations of the turning pendulum, and also about justice of formulas for the moments of inertia of cylinder, peg, ball.

 

Figure 14.3

 

Control questions

 

1. What is turning pendulum?

2. Make and write down differential equation of free harmonic oscillations of the turning pendulum.

3. Write down equation of oscillations, which is the decision of differential equation of harmonic oscillations. Draw the graph of this equation.

4. Write down formulas for a period and cyclic frequency of oscillations of the turning pendulum.

 

Literature

 

1. 1. .. Գ.- .: , 2003.- .77-80.

2. .., .. Գ .- : , 2003.- .

3. .. . - .1, .: ,1982.- .196-199.

4. .. .- : , 1990.- .222-223.

 

 

Translator: S.P. Lushchin, the reader, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences.

Reviewer: S.V. Loskutov, professor, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences.

 

Approved by the chair of physics. Protocol 6 from 30.03.2009.

 

 

43.6

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. (15.2)

 

α ( 5) , sin α = α. (15.3)

, (15.4)

(15.5)

, , . L = R,

. (15.6)

. (15.7)

1. , , 5.

2. , , t (N=20) .

3. . 1 ÷ 2 4 ( 5). 15.1.

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˳

 

1. .. Գ.- .: , 2003.- .77-80.

2. .. . - .1, .: ,1982.- .196-199.

3. .. .- : , 1990.- .222-223.

 

. ..

LABORATORY WORK 43.6

OSCILLATION OF HOOP

 

Purpose of work: study of laws of swing of the physical pendulum. To check up the formula of period of oscillations of the physical pendulum.

Task: 1) experimentally to measure the period of oscillations of hoop in relation to the point of hang up O, which is on it (fig 16.1);

2) calculate the theoretical value of period.

Figure 16.1

 

Devices and equipments: hoop (physical pendulum), stop-watch, line.

Experimental setting: on a bracket a 1 suspended hoop 2.

 

Theoretical part

 

A physical pendulum is a body which can be revolved relatively of arbitrary horizontal axis, that not go through the center of mass. Under the action of moment of force mg, the arm of which is evened Lsinα, a body is revolved round the point of hang up O (fig 16.2). L is distance from a point O rotation (points of hang up) to the point of C - center of mass of body. Write down the fundamental equation of the rotational motion dynamics

, (16.1)

I is a moment of inertia of body, is an angular acceleration. A sign does minus take into account, that the moment of force of mg is diminished by a corner α. Thus, get differential equation of undamped oscillations physical pendulum

(16.2)

At small corners α (less 5) is it possible, that sin α = α. Get

(16.3)

Comparing this equation to general equation of undamped harmonic oscillations (16.4) get cyclic frequency and period of oscillations of the physical pendulum

(16.5)

Thus, the period of oscillations of the physical pendulum depends on position of point of hang up O and forms of body, that to his moment of inertia in relation to this point. In our case for the hoop of L = R, and the moment of inertia taking into account the theorem of Steiner is evened

. (16.6)

Thus period of oscillation of hoop

. (16.7)

Figure 16.2

Practical part

 

1. To drive a hoop to oscillation, declining him on a corner not greater, than 5.

2. In moment, when a hoop is in one of extreme positions, to include a stop-watch and measure time of t of twenty (N=20) oscillations.

3. To repeat an experiment in obedience to 1-2 yet 4 times (in all 5). To add results to the table 16.1.

 

Table 16.1

  , s   ,s   D, sm   T, s   T, c  
             
       
       
       
       
   

 

4. Calculate the mean value of time and error of his measuring as direct 5-th multiple measuring.

5. After a formula to find the experimental value of period, and his error.

6. To take off a hoop from a bracket and measure the line of him the middle diameter of D.

7. By formula (16.7) to calculate the theoretical value of period

8. Draw conclusion.

 

Control questions

 

8. What is physical pendulum?

9. Make and write down differential equation of free harmonic oscillations of the physical pendulum.

10. Write down equation of oscillations, which is the decision of differential equation of physical pendulum. Draw the graph of this equation.

11. How does name sizes which are included in equation of oscillations of the physical pendulum? What to the dimension of these sizes?

12. Write down formulas for a period and cyclic frequency of oscillations of the physical pendulum.

13. Formulate the theorem of Steiner.

14. To get the period of oscillations of hoop in relation to an axis, the what perpendicular to his plane passes through it.

 

Literature

 

1. .. Գ.- .: , 2003.- .77-80.

2. .. . - .1, .: ,1982.- .196-199.

3. .. .- : , 1990.- .222-223.

 

 

Translator: S.P. Lushchin, the reader, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences.

Reviewer: S.V. Loskutov, professor, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences.

 

Approved by the chair of physics. Protocol 6 from 30.03.2009.

 

17 44

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˳

 

1. .., .. : . 1.- : . 2003, . 185-188.

2. .. . - .1, .: ,1982.- .204-209.

3. .. .- : , 1990.- .229-234.

. ..

18 LABORATORY WORK 44





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