. ? , , , , ( ) .
( ᒺ ) () . ᒺ . , , , ().
, , , ( ), , , ᒺ , . ., , , . () ᒺ , (, , .) , .
(ᒺ ) . 1, 2, 3, , , . , 2+3=5, , ᒺ, (), , , ᒺ 1 2. , . , - , (5=3+2), , , (5-3=4-2). , , , , , . .
, , , .
. , , , , , , ᒺ, , , . . ( , ) , . ? , , .
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. 30 , , . . - . () . , , . , , , ᒺ , .
. 8 , . : , , , , , ( , ). 12 , . . 12.1 8 , 12 . 1 , . 2 , , 8 , .
12.1
2,5 | 2,5 | |||||||
. 4 , , . 2 3. , , (2+3)/2=5/2=2,5.
, , , , .12.1, .
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. . , , , . (), , . , 2,625, , 1. (3,125) 2. (3,25), , ( , ), 3 4 (3+4)/2=3,5. 12.2.
12.2
, 12.1
37,5 | 31,5 | |||||||
3,25 | 3,125 | 2,625 | 6,333 | 3,25 | 5,333 | |||
ϳ | 3,5 | 3,5 | ||||||
2,25 | 7,5 | |||||||
ϳ | 2,5 | 2,5 |
, (, , ) :
< < (, ) < < < < . (12.1)
< , ( ).
, , , , ᒺ ( ). 㳿 (12.1) .
. (12.1) ? , , . .
? , , , . 5, 5, 1, 6, 8, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 7, 1. ( , , ). 1, 1, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8. 5 5. 5. 12 , , . 12.2. ( ). ϳ 12.2. :
< (, ) < < < < < (12.2)
, , , , ᒺ (), (12.2) .
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. (12.1) (12.2) (). , , , < < , ( (12.1)), ( (12.2)). , : (12.1) < , (12.2) < . , , .
, , .
. ( ). , . , (), .
ᒺ. , , , , , . ., , . ᒺ , 㳿, , . , ᒺ , , . , , , . , , , .
ᒺ, . . ֳ - (, ( ), . .), , , .
, .
ᒺ, 1, 2, 3, ,k . ϳ , , 쳺 . ᒺ , . . ᒺ, , . , ᒺ 1, 2, 3, , 10 7 :{ 1}, { 2, 3}, {4 }, {5, 6, 7},{ 8 }, { 9}, {10}. {5, 6, 7} , {2, 3} - , . , ᒺ ( ) ᒺ, ( ).
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, , . . <. , , . :
= [1< { 2, 3} < 4 < {5, 6, 7} < 8 < 9 < 10].
. 2- , , {2, 3} { 5, 6, 7} 5 .
, , {1, 2, 3, , 10}. . 7- , {2, 3}, {5, 6, 7}, 5 5 , . .
ᒺ, , (. , . ), (. , . ), (. . ̳), (. . ). 㳿, . , ᒺ, , - , , ( 㳿 . . ).
: ᒺ - . =, .
. ᒺ (, ) , , < > ( ) > < ( ). ³, ᒺ (, ), , : = < , > . .
, , :
= ({ 1, 2} < {3, 4, 5} < 6 < 7 < 9 < { 8, 10}),
C = (3 < {1, 4} < 2 < 6 < {5, 7, 8} < {9, 10}).
ᒺ S (, ). , , {1, 2, 3, , 10}, :
S (, ) = [(8, 9)]; S (, ) = [(1, 3), (2, 4)],
S (, ) =[(1, 3), (2, 3), (2, 4), (5, 6), (8, 9)].
, (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4) , (1, ), (2, 3), (2, 4), , (2, ), (3, 4), , (3, ), . ., ( - 1, ).
, . . S(, ) ( ), S (, ) 2 ( ), S (, ) 5 ( , ({ 1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 6}, {9}).
, - , 0 1 . x (, ) = 1 , < = . (, ) = 0, (, ) = 1. (, ) (, ) 1. (, ) , , , , (, ) (, ) = (, ) (, ) = 0.
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( ) . ᒺ . ( , ᒺ ). ( ) .
, ) , ( ), .
, , - 0 1 k k. (a,) = 1 , < = . (,)= 0, (,) = 1. (,) (,) 1.
1, 2, 3, , , . Argmin ∑D(i, A), Argmin , , . :
∑D(i, A) = D(1, A) + D(2, A) ++D(, A). (12.3)
, , D(i, A) D2(i, A).
[ ]. , ( - ), :
Argmin ∑D(i, A) → Argmin M[D(i, A)] (12.4)
. , 1, 2, 3,, ( ) , , . .
, -, , -, . , .
, , . ³ . , .
. , , , . , , .
. ( 9) 9 1, 2, , 9 (. 12.3). 5 {2, 4, 5, 8, 9}.
. 12.3
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
1 | |||||||||
2 | |||||||||
3 | |||||||||
4 | |||||||||
5 | |||||||||
6 | |||||||||
7 | |||||||||
8 | |||||||||
9 |
:
() = ∑ D(i, A) = D(2, A) + D(4, A) + D(5, A) + D(8, A) + D(9, A), 1, 2, , 9 . :
(1) = D(2, A1) + D(4, A1) + D(5, A1) + D(8, A1) + D(9, A1)=
=2+1+7+3+11 = 24
(2) = D(2, A2) + D(4, A2) + D(5, A2) + D(8, A2) + D(9, A2)=
=0+6+1+5+1=13
(3) = D(2, A3) + D(4, A3) + D(5, A3) + D(8, A3) + D(9, A3)=
=5+2+2+5+7 =21
(4) = D(2, A4) + D(4, A4) + D(5, A4) + D(8, A4) + D(9, A4)=
=6+0+5+8+8 = 27
(5) = D(2, A5) + D(4, A5) + D(5, A5) + D(8, A5) + D(9, A5)=
=1+5+0+3+7 = 16
(6) = D(2, A6) + D(4, A6) + D(5, A6) + D(8, A6) + D(9, A6)=
=3+4+10+1+5 = 23
(7) = D(2, A7) + D(4, A7) + D(5, A7) + D(8, A7) + D(9, A7)=
=2+3+1+6+3 =15
(8) = D(2, A8) + D(4, A8) + D(5, A8) + D(8, A8) + D(9, A8)=
=5+8+3+0+9 =25
(9) = D(2, A9) + D(4, A9) + D(5, A9) + D(8, A9) + D(9, A9)=
=1+8+7+9+0 = 25
13 = 2, {A2}, .
, . 1 , 2 .., . 12.14.
.12.4
( )
. | m | ||||||
1 | . | ||||||
2 | |||||||
3 | |||||||
j | |||||||
. | |||||||
xn |
- .
. , Sj j- :
(12.5)
mkj , j- (), ; j = ,
. Sj, .
, , , , , . .
:
(12.6)
dj j- :
(12.7)
, j- tq.
Q. :
, (12.8)
= (12.9)
0 1. 1, 0.
.
1. , , , . , . .
:
1) ;
2) .
:
1) ;
2) , , .
.
:
1) , - , , , ;
2) , , , .
(12.6 12.9).
:
1) : 1>A2>A3>>An;
2) , 1: 1=1, ;
3) .
:A1>A2+A3++An
A1=A2+A3++An
A1<A2+A3++An
, 䳿;
4) .
:
A1>A2+A3++An-1
A1=A2+A3++An-1
A1<A2+A3++An-1
5) 1 2 + 3.
ϳ :
A1>A2+A3
A1=A2+A3
A1<A2+A3
2 , , .
, . .
:
1) , , , ;
2) ; 4 , , 4 .
. ³ . .
, (A, B, C,, N) .
A | B | C | N | ||
A/B | A/C | A/N | |||
B/A | B/C | B/N | |||
C/A | C/B | C/N | |||
N | N/A | N/B | N/C |
. 1. 1, , - .. , , , ..
, , . , ( ). , :
α11 α12 α13 α1n
α22 α23 α2n
α33 α3n
..
αnm
ϳ 1,2,,n, . , , .
..
.....
.
,
m , ;
1,2,.,j,,m
, .
, . , .
, , , , . , , .
, 2 , , 2 , .
:
, (12.10)
;
,
;
.
10- .
:
0 ;
1,2,3 , ;
4,5,6 , ;
7,8,9 , ;
10 .
. 0,1 .
, . . 12.5. . , .
. 12.5
0,3 | 0,2 | 0,1 | |
0,5 | 0,4 | 0,2 | |
0,05 | 0,05 | 0,05 | |
0,05 | 0,05 | 0,05 | |
0,05 | 0,05 | 0,05 | |
0,05 | 0,05 | 0,05 |
1. ?
2. .
3. 䳿 .
4. .
5. ?
6. (.. 12.6).
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
2,5 | 2,5 | |||||
7.
(. 12.6).
8. (..12.6).
9. , . 6,7,8.
10. .
11. ( (..12.3) 9 1, 2,.., 9 5 { 1, 3, 6, A7, A9 }.
12. (. 12.6).