.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


.




 

-

. -

. -

,

. ,

2.+ + -,

(, -

). , () 3+. ( ) :

223+ + -

, , +, 3+

-

2

[ H + ] [OH ]

(2) = .

[ H 2 O]

22 1,8 10-16.

,

+ - ( ), , -

.

[H2O] ( -

), ,

, :

 

 

1000

[H2O] = = 55,56 /

18 ( / ) 1

1000 , 18 . -

, -

:

 

[ H+][OH]

1,810-16 = [H+][OH-] = 55,56 = 1,8 10-16 55,56 =

55,56

110-14.

─ ─ .

-

. , -

,

[H+] = [OH-] = 110-7 /.

, -

+ -.

, +

, - ─ ,

[H+] = [OH-] = =10-7 / : , . . [H+] - [OH-] (, , ), . , , ,

, .

, [H+] = 10-4

/, [OH-] =10-10

/ ( [H+][OH-]= 10-14),

[H+] > [OH-],

(: ).

, -

, . 2.2.

 

[H+], / 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14

 

 

 

=- lg[ H +] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

 

. 2.2. :

, /;

 

(.2.2) ,

/,

. -

,

. ─ -

:

 

= - lg[H+].

 

, , [H+] = 10-4 /, = - lg[10-4]= 4 ( ). -

[H+] = [OH-] = 10-7/ -

= - lg [10-7] = 7 ( ). <

7, ; > 7, .

,

( ),

= -lg[OH-].

 

14, .. + = 14, -

lg ([H+][OH-]) = lg 10-14, lg[H+] + lg[OH-] = -14, , , = -lg[H+] pOH = - lg[OH-], :

+ = 14.

, [H+] [OH-] , , , . -:

= (+) ∙ (-).

, () () :

: = -lg([H+] fH+) = -lg[H+] - lg fH+ = pH - lg fH+ , = -lg([H-] fH-) = -lg[H-] - lg fH- = pH - lg fH-, fH+ ― .

.

1. 0,001 , -

, 100%?

.

:

+ + -.

, -

- 0,001 / ( ). -

,

, [H+][OH-] = 10-14,

:

[H+] = 10-14 / [OH-] = 10-14 / 0,001 = 10-11 /.

, : = -lg10-11 = 11.

2. ,

5?

. +

: = -lg [H+], lg[H+] = -5 [H+] = 10-5 /. -

- :

[OH-] = 10-14 / 10-5 = 10-9 /.

3. , , H2SO4, HCl, CH3CO2H 0,001. , ?

 

. , , , . .

α= =

 

, HCl , H2SO4 .

:

0,0010

CH3CO2H 0,0011

HCl - 0,0020

H2SO4 0,0030

 

 





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