-
. -
. -
,
. ,
2. ↔ + + -,
(, -
). , () 3+. ( ) :
22 ↔ 3+ + -
, , +, 3+
-
2
[ H + ] [OH − ]
(2) = .
[ H 2 O]
22 1,8 10-16.
,
+ - ( ), , -
.
[H2O] ( -
), ,
, :
1000
[H2O] = = 55,56 /
18 ( / ) 1
1000 , 18 . -
, -
:
[ H+][OH−]
1,810-16 = [H+][OH-] = 55,56 = 1,8 10-16 55,56 =
55,56
110-14.
─ ─ .
-
. , -
,
[H+] = [OH-] = 110-7 /.
, -
+ -.
, +
, - ─ ,
[H+] = [OH-] = =10-7 / : , . . [H+] - [OH-] (, , ), . , , ,
|
|
, .
, [H+] = 10-4
/, [OH-] =10-10
/ ( [H+][OH-]= 10-14),
[H+] > [OH-],
(: ).
, -
, . 2.2.
[H+], / 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14
=- lg[ H +] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
. 2.2. :
, /;
(.2.2) ,
/,
. -
,
. ─ -
:
= - lg[H+].
, , [H+] = 10-4 /, = - lg[10-4]= 4 ( ). -
[H+] = [OH-] = 10-7/ -
= - lg [10-7] = 7 ( ). <
7, ; > 7, .
,
( ),
= -lg[OH-].
14, .. + = 14, -
lg ([H+][OH-]) = lg 10-14, lg[H+] + lg[OH-] = -14, , , = -lg[H+] pOH = - lg[OH-], :
+ = 14.
, [H+] [OH-] , , , . -:
= (+) ∙ (-).
, () () :
: = -lg([H+] fH+) = -lg[H+] - lg fH+ = pH - lg fH+ , = -lg([H-] fH-) = -lg[H-] - lg fH- = pH - lg fH-, fH+ ― .
.
1. 0,001 , -
, 100%?
.
|
|
:
→ + + -.
, -
- 0,001 / ( ). -
,
, [H+][OH-] = 10-14,
:
[H+] = 10-14 / [OH-] = 10-14 / 0,001 = 10-11 /.
, : = -lg10-11 = 11.
2. ,
5?
. +
: = -lg [H+], lg[H+] = -5 [H+] = 10-5 /. -
- :
[OH-] = 10-14 / 10-5 = 10-9 /.
3. , , H2SO4, HCl, CH3CO2H 0,001. , ?
. , , , . .
α= =
, HCl , H2SO4 .
:
0,0010
CH3CO2H 0,0011
HCl - 0,0020
H2SO4 0,0030