Absolute comparative, 91, 92
Absolute superlative, 91, 92
Absolute synonyms, 53
Abstract nouns, 4, 74, 94
Active voice, 118, 119
Actual division of the sentence, 199
208 Adjective:
base, 89, 90
derived, 89, 90
place of adjectives, 190, 237
qualitative, 89
relative, 89 Adverb, morphemic structure, 164, 165
separable adverbs, 165 Adverbial use of nouns, 77, 78 Adverbial adjuncts, 194, 195 Adverbial clauses:
of cause, 267,
of concession, 274277
of condition, 270273
of manner and comparison, 277,
of place, 268
of purpose, 214
of result, 273, 274
of time, 269, 270 Ambiguity, 40, 41, 45, 47, 50, 68, 152,
153, 190, 195, 228233, 237, 287 Allomorph, 60 Analytical forms, 64 Anaphoric to, 219 Archaic forms, 55, 160, 293 Article, 8488
contrasting use of the article, 86
definiteness indefiniteness, 84,
generalisation concretisation, 84,
stylistic functions of the article,
86, 87
the use of the article in substantivation, 9698 Aspect:
actions of single occurrence, 134
136,
common ~ progressive, 130
ingression (inchoative aspect), 130,
repeated actions, 132134
Asymmetry, 46, 180, 221
Asyndeton, 252, 283285
Attribute, 189190
Attributive bond, 189
Attributive clauses
continuative, 265, 266 restrictive, 265, 266 synonymic alternatives of attributive clauses, 266277
Back-formation, 103 Be:
auxiliary, 106
copulative, 106
representative, 106, 217220
Can and could, 114, 115
Case, 7883
Category of state, 166
Causative, 131, 153
Cognate object, 193, 194
Cohesion, 287, 290
Colloquial English, 87, 296
Communicative unit, 169, 170
Comparative 'elatives', 92
Comparison, 9095
Completive bond, 189
Complex sentence, 253
Composite sentence, 252257
Compound predicate, 186
Compound sentence, 253
Compression by nominalisation, 289
291, 265, 267, 270, 272, 274 Concord, 176 Conjunctive adverbs, 260 Connotation, 47, 51, 53, 115, 292, 295 Consituation, 49, 127, 160163, 172 Contact clauses, 252 Context, significance in judging, 37
42, 91, 184, 287
Context-sensitive, 32, 195, 272, 273, 287 Conversion, 68, 69 Covert grammar, 80 Current relevance, 150
Deep sense-structure, 32, 273
Denotation, 3742, 45, 47
Direct object, 190194
Discourse analysis, see Text-linguistics
Distribution, 29, 69
Do:
auxiliary verb, 248
emphatic auxiliary, 106, 107, 248
half-auxiliary verb, 105106 notional verb, 248
semi-auxiliary, 247
substitute, 217220 Doublets, 55, 58 Durative aspect, see Aspect
Ellipsis, 212
Emphasis, 4952, 9698, 117, 220
Emphatic verb-forms, 106, 107 Expressivity:
adherent, 291298
inherent, 291298
Factitive object, see Cognate object
Field structure, 4245
Finitude non-finitude, 99, 100
Form-word, see Function-word
Formal English, 87
Free morpheme, 61
Foreign plural, 76, 77
Free indirect speech, see Represented
speech
Function-word, 31, 62, 69, 71, 105
Futurity, 154159
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Functional re-evaluation of grammatical forms, 45
Functional sentence perspective,
see Actual division of the sentence
Generative grammar, 34 Get-passive, 119, 125 Go, verb-intensifier, 106, 107, 223 Going to-future, 157, 158 Gradable meaning, 91 Grammeme, 61 Grammatical category, 61 Grammatical colligation (collocation), 234249
Habitual action, 138 Half-auxiliary verbs, 130134 Head-word, 234236 Historic present, 141 Homonymy,
constructional, 228233
inflectional, 68 interparadigmatic, 68 Hypotaxis, 252280
Idiom, grammatical, 81, 118, 121, 132,
Idiomatic sentences, 225228 Idiosyncrasy, 286, 294, 201 Immediate constituent (IC's analysis),
29, 187, 188, 189 Imperative mood, 108, 109 Imperative modality, 108, 109 Imperative sentences, 270273 Implicit predication, 281, 282 Implied plurality, 72, 78 Included clause, 254 Included sentence, 254 Incongruity, 228233 Indefinite subject, 184 Inflection, 31, 63, 101, 102 Informal English, 291298 Inner object, see Cognate object Intensity, 90, 92, 220, 291298 Intonation, 31, 291 Intransitive verbs, 190, 193 Introductory subject, see Subject Inversion, 110, 195, 198 It:
anticipatory, 185
it is..., it was..., see actual division
of the sentence Iterative aspect, see Aspect
Kernel sentence, 33
Lexical collocation, 174 Lexico-grammatical periphrasis, 181, 182
Major syntax, 170 Minor syntax, 170 Modal verbs:
primary functions, 111 118
secondary functions, 111118 Modality, 11114, 172, 173, 186, 291
298 Mood, 107111
mechanistic analysis, 187
mentalistic analysis, 187 Modification, 65 Morphology:
paradigmatics, 60
subject-matter of morphology, 60
syntagmatics, 60 Must, 112, 113
primary functions, 112, 113
secondary functions, 112, 113
Nexus of deprecation, 18, 40, 181
Notional verbs, 105
Non-emphatic emphatic, 106
Non-grammatical, 220
Non-past tense, 138
Non-progressive, 101
Non-perfective, 149, 150
Nominal predicate, 186
Nominality:
infinitival nominal, 262274 gerundive nominal, 262274 participial nominal, 265274
Noun:
noun-determiner, 70 noun-phrase, 236 noun-adjunct groups, 237 adverbial use of nouns, 77, 78
Not, 48, 217
Number, 44, 72
Object, 190
object complements, 190
objective case, see Case
object relationship, 194
of-phrase, 82, 83 One:
general, 44, 184
substitute, 217
One-member sentences, 208211 One-word sentences, 171 Oppositional relations, 61
binary opposition, 27, 61, 172, 173
trinomic opposition, 61
polynomic opposition, 61 Overt grammar, 80
Paradigmatics, 60, 175
derivational paradigm, 174 morphological paradigm, 174 sentence-paradigm, 175182
Parataxis, 253
Parcelling in sentence-structure, 197, 198
Parts of speech, 70
Passive, see Active Passive, 118, 119
Passive auxiliary, 246
Perfective, 101
Periphrastic form, 53
Phase, 155
Phrase, 234249
definition, 234236 endocentric, 234 exocentric, 234
Phrasal verbs, 108, 125128, 130136
Plurality, see Field structure
Polysemy:
potential polysemy, 45, 46 synchronic polysemy, 46
Possessive case, 78, 83 Predicate,
types of predicate, 186 Predication, Predicative bond, 189 Predicative clauses, 262 Preposed modifiers, 236 Prescriptive (pre-normative)
grammar, 11, 12
Present tense:
exclusive present, 138, 139
imperative modality, 139
inclusive present, 137 neutral present, 138, 139
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perfective use, 141 Priority, 150 Privative opposition, see Binary
opposition Progressive (continuous) tenses:
denotative meaning, 142
imperative modality, 145
implication of futurity, 145
qualitative meaning, 144
repetitive meaning, 144 Pronouns:
personal pronouns, 160
stylistic transposition of
personal pronouns, 160163 Prosody, 31, 222, 240, 291
Qualitative genitive, 80 Qualitative meaning, 189, 190, 224, 225
Representation, 217220 Represented speech, 285286 Rheme, 172 Rhetorical questions, 221, 222
Scientific grammar, 13 Secondary parts of the sentence, 189 Segmentation, 198, 199 Semi-auxiliary verbs, 248 Sentence-order, 254 Sentence-substitute, 219220 Separable verbs, 103105 Sentence-structure, 169 Shall and should, 116118
So, anaphoric, 219220
Specialisation, 84
Structural Ambiguity, see Ambiguity
Structural grammar, 2334
Stress, 40, 41, 85
Style, 87
problems of style in grammar, 87,
94, 95, 97, 98 Sub-clause, See Subordination
Subject, definition:
the definite subject the indefinite subject, 184
introductory subject, 185 Subjunctive, 107, 108, 110 Subordination, 261282 Substitution, 217220 Substantivation of adjectives, 9698 Substitutes for passive, 125130 Superlative, 90 Suppletive form, 63 Supra-phrasal unity, 199, 200 Surface structure, 32, 283, 287 Syndetic, 252 Synonymy:
paradigmatic synonyms, 47, 5255
relative synonyms, 53, 54
synonyms by function in speech,
47, 5255, 154
stylistic synonyms, 53, 54 Synsemantics, 71 Syntagmatics, 60, 175 Syntax:
syntactic categories, 193, 194
syntactic content, 193, 194
syntactic forms, 193, 194, 195
syntactic functions, 175
syntactic hierarchy, 175 Syntactic mood, 172 Synthetic forms, 63, 64
Taxonomic classes of words, 67
Theme, 172
Textlinguistics, 199
Tense, 137159
Transformational grammar. 33
Transform, 33, 34, 192, 193
Transitivity, 190194
Transposition of grammatical forms, 4549, 280, 281 regular, 48, 49 stylistic, 48, 49
Two-member (two-nucleus) sentences, 184
Used to, 133
Utterance, 171
Verbal predicate, 186
Verb forms, 99101
Verb phrases, 130136, 242244
Verbless sentences, 185, 186, 214217
Variant forms, see Doublets
Voice, see Active passive
Word-order, 195, 196
Will/would, 118, 227
Wish-sentences, 280, 281
With-phrase, 287
Zero article, 84
Zero (grammatical) inflection, 31
Zero-derivative nouns, 135
RECOMMENDED LITERATURE
Suggestions will be made here for further learning, so that the student can follow up various lines of thought suggested in the book. The reference list given below will include not only some advanced books devoted to teaching English grammar, but also, detailed monographs and work-papers on specialised topics which will interest the student.
. . . , 1958, 1.
. ., 1965.
. . . ., 1966.
. . . ., 1973.
. , . ., . ., - . . . ., 1961.
. . . . , . 9, . 6, 1950.
. . . .: ( ). . 2. ., 1952.
. , . . . ., 1963.
. . . ., 1966.
. , . . . ., 1973.
. . . .: . , , . 13, . 6, 1954.
. . . ., i960. . ., 1970.
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. ., .., . . . ., 1956.
1 . . . ., 1960.
. . stand up . , 1954, 5.
.. . ., 1961.
. . - . ., 1968.
. ., . ., . ., . . Theoretical English Grammar. M., 1968.
. . . , 1969.
. ., 1968.
. ., 1973.
. . The Use of Tenses. Lvov., 1968.
. . - . , 1965, . 5.
. : . .: . ., 1962.
. 쳿 , 1966.
. . Theoretical Grammar through Practice. L., 1972.
. . . , 1970, 4.
. . . ., 1968.
. . . ., 1969. v . . . ., 1971.
. . . ., 1955. . . . ., 1955.
). . . ., 1966.
( ). ., 1972.
. . . .: . 70- . . . ., 1965.
. . . ., 1959.
. . . ., 1961.
. . . , . 6, . 4, 1947.
. . . .: . ., 1955.
. . . .: . ., 1968.
h E. An Introduction to Transformational Grammars. New York Chicago San Francisco, 1964.
Bloomfield. Language. London, 1969.
Chomsky N. Syntactic Structures. The Hague, 1965.
Chomsky N. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, 1965.
Christophersen P. The Articles: a Study of Their Theory and Use in English. Copenhagen, 1939.
Curme G. O. Grammar of the English Language. New York, 1935.
Deutschbein M. System der neuenglischen Syntax. Leipzig, 1935.
Fries Ch. The Structure of English. London, 1959.
Francis W. N. The Structure of American English. New York, 1958.
Ganshina M. A., Vasilevskaya N. M. English Grammar. M., 1964.
G 1 e a s n H. A. An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. New York, 1965.
G 1 e a s n H. A. Linguistics and English Grammar. New York, 1965.
Harris Z. S. Methods in Structural Linguistics. Chicago, 1961.
Harris Z. S. String Analysis of Sentence Structure. The Hague, 1962.
Hathaway B. A Transformational Syntax. New York, 1967.
Hill A. Introduction to Linguistic Structures. New York, 1958.
Hockett F. A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York, 1958.
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Hook J.M., Mathews E. G. Modern American Grammar and Usage. New York, 1956.
Ilsh B.A. The Structure of Modern English. M., 1964.
Jespersen O. Essentials of English Grammar. London, 1933.
Jespersen O. The Philosophy of Grammar. London, 1968. Khaimovich B. S., Rogovskaya B.I. A Course of English Grammar. M., 1967.
brina N. A., Korneyeva. An Outline of Modern English Syntax. M., 1965.
Kruisinga E. A Handbook of Present-Day English. Groningen, 1931.
Lees R. B. The Grammar of English Nominalisations. The Hague, 1964.
Long R. The Sentence and Its Parts. Chicago, 1962.
Lukas E. L. Style. London, 1955.
Murrey J., Middletn J. The Problem of Style. Oxford, 1955.
Nida E. A. A Synopsis of English Syntax. 2nd Ed. The Hague, 1966.
Poutsma H. A. A Grammar of Late Modern English. P. II. Groningen, 1926.
R b e r t s P. English Syntax. New York, 1964.
R b e r t s P. Patterns of English. New York, 1956.
S a u s s u r e F. d e. Cours de linguistique generale. Paris, 1949.
Scheurweghs G. Present-Day English Syntax. London, 1959.
Sledd J. A. Short Introduction to English Grammar. Glenview, 1956.
Stageberg H. An Introductory English Grammar. New York, 1966.
Stove N. R. The Understanding of Syntax. London, 1937. Stang B. Modern English Structure. London, 1964. Sweet H. A New English Grammar. Oxford, 1955.
Tesniere J. Elements de Syntaxe structural. Paris, 1959.
Warner A. English Style. London, 1961.
Whitehall H. Structural Essentials of English. New York, 1956. Zandvrt R. W. A Handbook of English Grammar. 2nd Ed. London, 1963
