, . , , .
:
(3)
,
ρ - ,
us ,
<L> - .
0,07 0,7 /(∙). , .
)
. . , . , . , .
1912 . . , ν ( ) . , , :
ε = h ν. (4)
, , ( ).
ε
(5)
e , k .
(5) , = 0 , .
νi, . ( ) (5).
, , . , . .
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, ( ) . , , , (5), , , ( ), . .
, , ( 103 /), , , . ( ), ( ) .
.
)
, , . , , , . : , , . . () (1 2)% .
, .
1 λ , , ( ).
1.
1 - 20○
λ, /(∙) | λ, /(∙) | ||
0,0162 | 0,12 | ||
0,0226 | 0,81 | ||
0,0237 | 1,2 | ||
0,0262 | 1,55 | ||
0,0307 | 2,7 | ||
0,1411 | 6,5 | ||
0,1655 | |||
0,142 | 35,6 | ||
0,158 | 68,2 | ||
0,190 | 86,5 | ||
0,599 | |||
29,1 |
2.
1 2. 3, 4. 1 2.
- 1, 2, 3. ( - . - -200○ +600○. 90,5% Ni + 9,5% Cr; 56% Cu + 44% Ni). - 3, .
|
|
2.
2 -
, ○ | -, , , ○ | |||||||||
0,063 | 0,127 | 0,190 | 0,254 | 0,318 | 0,381 | 0,445 | 0,509 | 0,574 | ||
0,638 | 0,702 | 0,767 | 0,832 | 0,896 | 0,961 | 1,026 | 1,091 | 1,157 | 1,222 | |
1,287 | 1,353 | 1,418 | 1,484 | 1,550 | 1,616 | 1,682 | 1,748 | 1,815 | 1,881 | |
1,947 | 2,014 | 2,081 | 2,148 | 2,214 | 2,282 | 2,349 | 2,416 | 2,483 | 2,551 | |
2,618 | 2,686 | 2,753 | 2,821 | 2,889 | 2,957 | 3,025 | 3,094 | 3,162 | 3,230 | |
3,229 | 3,367 | 3,436 | 3,505 | 3,574 | 3,643 | 3,712 | 3,781 | 3,850 | 3,920 | |
3,989 | 4,059 | 4,128 | 4,198 | 4,268 | 4,338 | 4,408 | 4,478 | 4,548 | 4,619 | |
4,689 | 4,760 | 4,830 | 4,901 | 4,972 | 5,042 | 5,113 | 5,184 | 5,255 | 5,327 | |
5,398 | 5,469 | 5,541 | 5,612 | 5,684 | 5,756 | 5,828 | 5,899 | 5,971 | 6,043 | |
6,116 | 6,188 | 6,260 | 6,333 | 6,405 | 6,478 | 6,550 | 6,623 | 6,696 | 6,769 | |
6,842 | 6,915 | 6,988 | 7,061 | 7,135 | 7,208 | 7,281 | 7,355 | 7,429 | 7,502 | |
7,576 | 7,650 | 7,724 | 7,798 | 7,872 | 7,946 | 8,021 | 8,095 | 8,169 | 8,244 | |
8,318 | 8,393 | 8,468 | 8,543 | 8,618 | 8,693 | 8,768 | 8,843 | 8,993 | ||
9,069 | 9,144 | 9,220 | 9,295 | 9,371 | 9,446 | 9,522 | 9,598 | 9,674 | 9,750 | |
9,826 | 9,902 | 9,979 | 10,055 | 10,131 | 10,208 | 10,284 | 10,361 | 10,438 | 10,514 | |
10,591 | 10,688 | 10,745 | 10,822 | 10,899 | 10,976 | 11,054 | 11,131 | 11,208 | 11.286 | |
11,363 | 11,441 | 11,519 | 11,596 | 11,674 | 11,752 | 11,830 | 11,908 | 11,986 | 12,064 | |
12,142 | 12,221 | 12,299 | 12,377 | 12,456 | 12,534 | 12,613 | 12,692 | 12,770 | 12,849 | |
12,928 | 13,007 | 13,086 | 13,165 | 13,244 | 13,323 | 13,403 | 13,482 | 13,561 | 13,641 | |
13,720 | 13,800 | 13,879 | 13,959 | 14,039 | 14,119 | 14,199 | 14,278 | 14,359 | 14,439 | |
14,519 | 14,599 | 14,679 | 14,759 | 14,840 | 14,920 | 15,001 | 15,081 | 15,162 | 15,243 |
3.
3 -
, 10-3 | |
1-2 l12 | |
2-3 l23 | |
, d |
λ (1). dQ/dt, S, dT/dx .
. (6)
, . , (dQ/dt = const). (1) , dT/dx . :
(7)
l , Δ , 3.
1. . .
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|
2. , , , . . 1.
3. 1,4 1,8 ( ). 4 . .
4. 3 5. , ( 30 40 . ).
5. .
4 -
, | , I, | , | , U, | ||
5 -
, . | , | , ○ | ||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
: 2, , 0○. , 1, 2, 3 , 2, . , Δ12 = 1 2 ( Δ23 = 2 3; Δ13 = 1 3), .