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19.
1. :
Text. Monopoly
Monopoly is a market structure with only a single seller of a commodity or service dealing with a large number of buyers. When a single seller faces a single buyer, that situation is known as bilateral monopoly.
The most important features of market structure are those which influence the nature of competition and price determination. The key element in this segment of market organization is the degree of seller concentration, or the number and size distributions of the sellers. There is monopoly when there is only one seller in an industry, and there is competition when there are many sellers in an industry. In cases of an intermediate number of sellers, that is, something between monopoly and competition, there can be two sellers (duopoly), a few sellers (oligopoly), or many sellers (atomistic competition).
Today the term monopoly is usually extended to include any group of firms which act together to fix prices or levels of production. Complete control of all output is not necessary to exercise monopoly power. Any combination of firms which controls at least 80 percent of an industry's production can dictate the prices of the remaining 20 percent.
Aside from private monopolies, there are public monopolies. One example of a public monopoly in the United States is the nonprofit postal service. There is also the natural monopoly, which exists when it is more efficient, technically, to have a single seller.
Although the precise definition of monopolya market structure with only a single seller of a commodity or servicecannot he applied directly to a labor union because a union is not a seller of services, labor unions have monopolistic characteristics. For example, when a union concludes a wage settlement which sets wage rates at a level higher than that acceptable to unorganized workers, the union clearly contributes to monopolistic wage results. In effect, the price of labor (wages) is set without regard to the available supply of labor.
Monopolies versus Competition
Pure monopoly is a theoretical market structure where there is only one seller of a commodity or service, where entry into the industry is closed to potential competitors, and where the seller has complete control over the quantity of goods offered for sale and the price at which goods are sold. Pure monopoly is one of two limiting cases used in the analysis of market structure. The other is pure competition, a situation in which there are many sellers who can influence neither the total quantity of a commodity or service offered for sale nor its selling price. Hence, monopoly is the exact antithesis of competition. It is generally agreed that neither of these two limiting cases is to be found among existing market structures.
The monopolist establishes market position by ability to control absolutely the supply of a product or service offered for sale and the related ability to set price. Theoretically, profit maximization is the primary objective, and it is often possible to achieve this by restricting output and the quantity of goods offered for sale. Levels of output are held below the quantity that would be produced in a competitive situation. Hence, monopoly is of interest to economic policymakers because it may impede the most efficient possible allocation of a nation's economic resources.
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Monopolies held by individuals or organizations may begin by the granting of a patent or a copyright, by the possession of a superior skill or talent, or by the ownership of strategic capital. The huge capital investment necessary to organize a firm in some industries raises an almost insurmountable barrier to entry in these monopolistic fields and, thus, provides established corporations in these industries with potential monopoly power.
The use of such monopoly power may lead to the development of substitute products, to an attempt at entry into monopolistic fields by new firms (if profits are high enough), or to public prosecution or regulation. The antitrust policy of the federal government has prevented the domination of an industry by one firm or even a few firms. Moreover, with the growth of international trade and investment, it is no longer possible to determine whether an effective monopoly exists by studying market shares. The recent competitive pressures from Japanese sellers of autos and electronic products have resulted in more competition and less monopoly power on the part of U.S. manufacturers. Thus, the trend during the last 40 years or so in the United States has been away from monopolies in many industries and toward oligopolies.
2. :
1. bilateral monopoly;
2. entry into the industry;
3. a seller of a commodity or service;
4. available supply of labour;
5. to influence the total quality of a commodity or service;
6. the supply of product or service;
7. the primary objective;
8. to impede the most efficient possible allocation;
9. the possessions of a superior skill or talent;
10. to provide established corporations.
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6. , . , , :
1. buy;
2. compete;
3. determine;
4. sell;
5. necessity;
6. combine;
7. product;
8. define;
9. to settle;
10. theory.
7. : , , , , . There is monopoly when there is only one seller in an industry, and there is competition when there are many sellers in an industry.
8. , : , , .
1. When a single seller faces a single buyer, that situation is known as bilateral monopoly.
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2. In cases of an intermediate number of sellers, that is, something between
monopoly and competition, there can be two sellers (duopoly), a few sellers
(oligopoly), or many sellers (atomistic competition).
3. Today the term monopoly is usually extended to include any group of firms which act together to fix prices or levels of production.
4. Complete control of all output is not necessary to exercise monopoly power.
5. Moreover, with the growth of international trade and investment, it is no longer possible to determine whether an effective monopoly exists by studying market shares.
7. :
1. What are the most important features of market structure?
2. What firm can dictate the prices of the remaining 20 percent?
3. What is the exact antithesis of competition?
4. What is a monopoly, duopoly, oligopoly, atomistic competition?
5. What is a bilateral monopoly?
6. Is full control necessary for the monopoly?
7. What is an example of a public monopoly?
8. What is a natural monopoly?
9. What are the two limiting cases used in the analysis of market structures?
10. How do the monopolies begin?
