. - . , . . .. .
, 18
.
IX ,
:
:
1)
(.. , 1869.).
2) .. (1897.).
.
.
1) n
.
n - 1,2,3... ∞ ( 7)
: n - . .
2) e
, n -
. 0 (n-1). e = 0,1,2,3,4 s,p,d,f .
s- .
s-
- - ( 3 m= -1 0 +1. 90 .
d- f- ;
- .
3) me - ,
- e + e.
.
s p
d- f
- .
.
4) m s -
.
- , . ms 2 1/2 ( ).
.
1) ( 1925 )
.
, , .
.
n = 1 l = 0 m = 0 ms +
n = 1 l = 0 m = 0 ms -
, () :
, , .
|
|
2)
, , . , .
. 6.1
6.1 n 1 4
(. 6.1, . 6.1).
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s25f146d107p6
( ).
, .
, , , , .
p -
p
.
. 1925.
Ti22 1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2 4s23d2
Ge32 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p2 4s24p2
.
: 24,29,47,79,78,41,42,46.
Cr24 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4
3d44s2 3d104s1
Cu29 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9
3d94s2 3d104s1
.
, d5, d10, f7, f14 , . , d- f- , .
.
.
. :
1s22s22p2
= 2
.
, , . ( 3s 4s, 3d 4s).
S16 1s22s22p63s23p4 = 2
S* 3s23p33d1 = 4
S** 3s13p33d2 = 6
Ni28 0 3d84s2
Ni* 3d84s14p1