Etymological doublets - words originating from the same etymological source but differing in phonetic shape and in meanings.
1. Native native. These doublets are due to deviance of different meanings of one and the same word: shade shadow, of off, mead meadow
2. Native- borrowed element: shirt skirt, shriek screech
3. Borrowed borrowed element. This group presents words borrowed from the same language twice but in different periods: liquor liqueur, travel travail.
4. Words represented by 2 borrowings from different languages, which are historically dissented from the same root: sir senior, treason tradition.
5. Words, representing a shortened word and the one from which it was derived: history story, fantasy fancy, fanatic fan, defense fence, shadow shade.
#35 Norman-French and French borrowings in English.
Norman and Parisian borrowings.
Norman borrowings (most numerous group)
Norman French borrowings began with the famous battle of Hastings when English were defeated by the Normans. England became bilingual country and the impact on the English vocabulary made over this 2 hundred years period was immense. French words from the Norman dialect penetrated every aspect of social life. French became the lang. of state. Teaching was led in French, business documents were also written in French.
1. Administrative terms: state, government, council, power, country, people, nation,
2. Feudalism: liege, vassal, fief these words are disused.
3. servant, prince, count, duck, baron.
4. words, denoting qualities: honor, glory, noble, fine, genteel.
5. Military terms: siege, defense, victory, conquest, captain.
6. Legal terms: judge, prison, slander, felony, fraud.
7. religion: perish, communion, parson, abbey, saint, vice, blame.
8. Education: people, library, science, pencil, pen.
9. Entertainment: moda, supper, dinner, pastry, to fry, dice, luxury, jewels.
10. Everyday life: table, plate, autumn, uncle.
11. Literature and art: to paint, colour, architecture, design, prose, story, volume, arch, vault.
The morpheme as the basic unit of the word-building process. Different types of morphemes.
Words are divisible into smaller units, which are called morphemes, which occur in speech only as constituent part of words. The morphemes can be free (if it may stand alone without changing its meaning) and bound (it is always bound to smth. else). E.g.: sportive (sport may occur alone), elegant (eleg is bound form).
Morphemes are subdivided into 2 classes: roots and affixes. Affixes fall into prefixes and suffixes. Affixes are subdivided into:
1. Functional affixes. They serve to convey grammatical meaning. They build different forms of one and the same word. E.g.: near-nearer-nearest
2. Derivational affixes. They serve to supply the stem with components of lexical and lexico-grammatical meaning and form different words. E.g.: heart-hearty, care-careless.
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Root is ultimate constituent element, which remains after the removal of all functional and derivational affixes; it is the common element of words. Affixes are always bound forms.
Suffix is a derivational morpheme following the stem and forming a new derivative in different parts of speech. E.g.: hearten-hearty-heartless.
Preffix is a derivational morpheme standing before root and modifying meaning. It may serve to distinguish one part of speech from another. E.g.: earth-unearth.
Suffixation as the productive way of word-building process. The most productive suffixes in English.
Suffixation is the formation of words with the help of suffixes.
The main function of suffixes in Modern English is to form one part of speech from another, the secondary function is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech. (e.g. educate is a verb, educatee is a noun, and music is a noun, musicdom is also a noun).
There are different classifications of suffixes:
