.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


.

.

, , , , , .

, , () . , .

- () ( , 5 ), USB - 128 .

, , .

Race condition - .

(atomic) , , , , .

, .

(mutual exclusion) , .

(binary semaphore) , , , , ; .

(pipe) (shell) UNIX, .

- , , .

( ) ( ) , , - .

(lightweight process) , , -.

C (script) , .

, .

( , deadlock) , , .

. , big endian - little endian .

( ) . (, ) .

 

, , . : , , , . , , , , .

MS DOS . , 640 .

, .

 

Just-In-Time (JIT) JVM, (native ), Java.

OS/2 , IBM PS /2.

POSIX (Portable Operating Systems of unIX type) , UNIX.

Win32 - (API) Windows 32- .

- (bytecode) Java -, .

(class verifier) JVM, -, .

, .

Java (JVM) , Java -.

(booting) .

(class loader) JVM, .

.

(application programming interface API) - , , .

- .

(micro-kernel) , " ", .. , , .

- , , .

, .

(bootstrap program) , , (ROM) - (BIOS) , , .

(Process Control Block PCB) , .

(ready) , .

.

( ) - , , .

(admitted) - , ( ).

(terminated) , .

( : activation record, - stack frame, - local data area) , () .

(running) - , .

( ) , , .

(new) - , , .

(waiting) , , , -. .

- (I/O-bound) , -, .

(CPU-bound) , .

, - (device queues) , - ( ).

(ready queue) , , .

(job queue) , .

(context switch) .

(scheduler) - , .

, , .

(control flow) .

- - , .

(data section) ( , ) , , , , , .

(stack) , , , () , .

() , .

(program counter - PC) ; .

Send .

Receive .

() , .

(marshaling) () .

(indirect communication) , , .

, , .

(direct communication) , (), .

(message queue) () .

(buffer overrun) , .

, -; ; - .

() , , .

(rendezvous) , .

(socket) - , .

(coprocess, coroutine) , resume (Q), . detach.

(Remote Method Invocation RMI) Sun - Java - Java , .

(Remote Procedure Call RPC) Sun - , .

Mac C- threads MacOS.

POSIX Pthreads , POSIX POSIX -.

Solaris threads Solaris.

Thread , , Java.

POSIX -, pthread_attr_t.

(thread group) , , .

POSIX-, pthread_t.

(task) Linux.

(exception) - .

(thread-local storage - TLS) , .

.

/ - , .

/ - , .

/ , .

(mutex) , , .

(lightweight process) , -.

(thread) - , , -.

(user thread) - , .

(kernel thread) - , ; .

(ThreadPool) . NET.

( UNIX) .

"" (heavyweight) , , .

(conditional variable) - , , wait signal.

(aging) .

(turnaround time) , - .

(waiting time) , , .

(response time) , () .

(starvation) - , .

(Gantt chart) " ", , .

() .

(non-preemptive) , .

(preemptive) , .

(CPU utilization) .

, (, ).

(scheduler) , , , .

(throughput) () , .

() (dispatch latency) , , .

First-Come-First-Served ( ) , , .

Round Robin (RR, ) , .

Shortest Job First (SJF, ) , .

Shortest-Remaining-Time-First (SRTF, ) - , .

CPU / I-O -.

Interleaving , .

() .

(adaptive mutex) Solaris.

(bakery algorithm) (. ), ().

- (reader-writer lock; rwlock) Solaris " - ".

"" (turnstile) Solaris, , , , -.

" " (spinlock) - Windows 2000, .

, , , .

- "": "" ; ( ) ; , (S).

(race condition) - , () - .

(critical region) , (shared) region, .

: , ; ; ; , .

(dining philosophers) : , . , . : , . . , .

(counting semaphore) - S, wait (S) signal (S).

- (dispatcher object) Windows 2000, ; , .

(bounded buffer): , - -, ; ; .

Burroughs 5000 "": , ; (, 1) .

- , , , .

(condition variable) : condition x, wait signal; x.wait() , x.signal().

-: , : ( , ) ( ). ( ), .

Reserved graph , , , ; .

- , .

- , - .

: .

, , ( - -) ( ).

"" (request edge) - - .

"" (assignment edge) , , -.

(request) - - .

(use) .

(release) .

: , .

: , , .

( reserved graph) , , .

(deadlock) , , - .

: , , , .

: {P0, P1, P0},, P0 , P1; P1 , P2 Pn , P0.

(bankers algorithm) - . .

<P1, Pn>, Pi , , , Pj, j < i.

, .

wait-for - , , Pi Pj, Pi Pj.

(claim edge) , - - , , .

, , .

() , (linking) - .

() , .

, .

- .

- .

(dymanically linked libraries) , , .

(overlay driver) , , .

(execution stub) , , .

(loader) , , , , .

(source code) ( ) .

(linking) , .

- , .

, , .

(overlay) , , .

(relocatable code) , , , .

(relocation register) , , .

(linking) , , .

(linkage editor) e , , .

(linker and loader) - , .

(load-time) , , .

(runtime), () , ; , .

(compile-time) - , .

C , .

, (, .), .

(Memory Management Unit MMU) , ; .

, "" "" .

Roll out / roll in - ; , .

() , (translation lookaside buffer TLB) , .

valid-invalid , , .

, , .

, , .

( , ), .

, .

(compaction) .

, , , n.

, , , n.

, ( , n).

- ; n.

(swap out) - .

(swapping) () () .

(swap in) - .

, .

(page table base register PTBR) , .

() " ": , .

C .

(Effective Access Time - EAT) .

(paging) , , .

, 2, .

(page table) , .

(backing store) - , .

, , , .

.

, , .

- segment-table base register (STBR) , .

- :

< segment -number, offset>, segment -number , offset .

: validation- ( ), , .

() , .

- segment-table length register (STLR) , , .

, .

(segmentation) - , , .. .

- , .

. , .

mmap (memory map) Solaris , .

Thrashing , .

FIFO (First-In-First-Out) - , , .

Least Frequently Used (LFU) , ( ).

Least Recently Used (LRU) , , .

Most Frequently Used (MFU) , ( ).

(second chance) , , , , .

Belady FIFO , .

- , , .

(reference bit) , 0, , 1, .

"valid/invalid" , .

, .

, : .

, , .

(page replacement) , , , , .

(Copy-on-Write) , - , .

(Page Fault Rate) 0 1, .

, .

- , , .

(page fault) .

, .

, .

(segmentation on demand) , , , , .

(paging on demand) , , , , .

, (Memory-Mapped File) , .

, .

(Effective Access Time - EAT) .

Network File System (NFS) .

- , , .

, .

() , , , -.

(File control block - FCB) , .

(, ) - directory, folder , .

(): "" - , , ().

, .

(record) , , .

(Protection) , , .

( "") .

- ( ) .

(data set) - IBM .

(sharing) , .

- .

- , .

(path) , ( ) .

(partition) , ( ).

(back-up) (), flash- , , - (CD, DVD), .

, .

C () "": , ; , .

(mount point) , .

(file) , , .

() "": , .

, .

File-allocation table (FAT) , MS DOS Windows.

NFS (Network File System) - , Solaris.

Veritas File System (Vx-FS) HP-UX (Hewlett-Packard).

(VFS) , - , , .

, , .

- , ; , .

(i-node, superblock) , .

.

(read-ahead) - , .

(free-behind) - , , , .

(extent) - ; .

C , .

, .

- - - , , , - .

(log structured filesystem) - , ; .

PCI (Peripheral Computer Interface) , , , .

SCSI ID SCSI - SCSI- ( 0 9), .

.

(spooling) , , .

- (Direct Memory Access DMA) - -, -.

, .

, ; (COM10, COM15), , .

(host adapter) .

(maskable) , .

, .

, .

( ) - .

-.

(network connection) , , .

() SCSI- SCSI -, SCSI - SCSI ID.

busy-wait , , , .

(bus) - , .

, .

 



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