I ( ) (.15.1).
.15.1. I
I (. 12.1,c). ( ). 1280-1300oC. , , . . I (. 15.2) , . , , , . I 800 .
. 15.2.
16. ( )?
, ( ) ( ) (. 16.1.).
. 16.1.
(2) (3) (1) (. 16.2). 1, , . U , ( U). (3) U , . , Umax, U :Umax=U+∆U, ∆U, - , (ℓ). , ℓ, ∆U. ℓ > ℓ, . ℓ [1].
. 16.1. (2) (3) (1)