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Preparing and writing a summary
A summary contains the essential information from a text. In a general way, writing a summary can help you check if you have understood or remembered the main ideas of any reading passage. Being able to write a summary is a necessary skill when gathering information for research papers. Summarizing facts and opinions is also important for business presentations, work meetings and conferences.
The list that follows outlines the steps for writing a summary.
1. Identify the main ideas.
2. Decide what you are going to leave out. Include only the most essential details.
3. Reorganize the ideas in a way that makes your points clear. You do not have to follow the order of the original text.
4. Start with a sentence stating the subject matter of the summary, where the original text came from, and/or the original authors name. Choose one of these verbs to introduce the issue of the text: to deal with, to raise the problem of, to touch upon the problem of, to comment on, to criticize, to emphasize, to show etc.
5. Use your own words. Do not copy from the text unless you use direct quotes and quotation marks, or indirect speech.
6. State only the authors opinions and not your own.
7. Make sure your verb tenses are appropriate and consistent when you use reported speech.
8. Use these words to connect similar ideas: in addition (to this fact), besides, furthermore, moreover, also and these ones to connect contrasting ideas: in contrast, on the other hand, nevertheless, conversely, but.
9. Make the summary short, no more than 30 percent of the original text and, in many cases, much less.
10. Be sure to edit your work. Polish it to make the language flow smoothly.
UNIT 1.
THE INTERNET: A DRIVING FORCE FOR CHANGE?
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Be an Internet Millionaire and We May Like You
A. Before you read the article written by Pulitzer Prize winning humorist Dave Barry study the following tips.
* While reading modern authors you may often be confronted with unusual culture-specific language. It is surprising, nevertheless, how even complex passages often contain clues which will allow you to guess the general meaning of jargon and culture-specific language.
* When evaluating the writers attitude, for example, look carefully at the choice of words. The way an idea is expressed may give you a clue to the writers attitude.
Notes:
Barry Manilow a singer and songwriter, known for his love songs. He is popular especially with middle-aged women.
Everybody by which I mean not you is getting rich off the Internet. We are constantly seeing stories in the media about young Internet entrepreneurs who look like they should be mowing lawns for spending money, except that they have the same net worth as Portugal. Six months ago, they were college students, sitting around their dorms, trying to figure out what body part to pierce next; now theyre the CEOs of Something-Dot-Com, and theyre buying mansions, camels, etc., not to mention Van Gogh and Renoir.
When we read about these spectacularly successful young people who, through their boldness and vision, have realized the American Dream, and in so doing have created the greatest economic boom the world has ever seen, thereby benefiting all of us we cannot help but express our gratitude as follows: I hope they get leprosy.
No! We must not be petty and jealous, just because these people are young AND rich. Instead we must philosophically ask ourselves: Are these young zillionaires truly happy? Does all that money give them any more pleasure than I can get from simply watching a sunrise, or chatting with an old friend? You cretin: OF COURSE it does. These people are so rich that, if they want, they can install giant hydraulic hoists under the entire horizon, so they can raise it up and watch the same sunrise TWICE. And they can buy all the old friends they want. They can buy YOUR old friends. When you ask your old friends to come over and chat, theyll say, Sorry! Ive been invited to a 22-year-old zillionaires house to watch him raise the horizon!
So the bottom line is, if you want to be happy in todays economy, you need to be rich, too. This means that you have to become involved with the Internet, which has brought about the most revolutionary change in business communications since 1876, when the great inventor Alexander Graham Bell first figured out how to make callers on hold listen to Barry Manilow.
What, exactly, is the Internet? Basically it is a global network exchanging digitized data in such a way that any computer, anywhere, that is equipped with a device called a modem, can make a noise like a duck choking on a kazoo. This is called logging on, and once you are logged on, you can move the pointer of your mouse to a hyperlink, and simply by clicking on it, change your pointer to an hourglass. Then you can go to lunch, and when you come back, there, on your computer screen, as if by magic, will be at least 14 advertisements related to Beanie Babies (which currently are the foundation of the entire world economy).
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The business community is insanely excited about the Internet. Internet companies are springing up like mushrooms, inspired by such amazing success stories as Amazon.com, which started doing business just a few years ago, and is already losing hundreds of millions of dollars a year. A LOT of Internet companies are losing money like crazy, yet their stock prices are soaring; in fact, the more an Internet company loses, the more desirable it becomes to investors. This seems like a paradox, but theres a very logical economic explanation: Internet investors have the brains of grapefruit. If you started a company called Set Fire to Piles of Money.com, theyd be beating down your door.
Herein the newspaper business, we have definitely caught Internet Fever. In the old days, we used to get this! actually charge money for our newspapers. Ha, ha! What an old-fashioned, low-tech, non-digital concept! Nowadays all of the hip modern newspapers spend millions of dollars operating Web sites where we give away the entire newspaper urging our remaining paying customers to go to our Web sites instead. Stop giving us money! is the shrewd marketing thrust of these ads. Why do we do this? Because all the other newspapers are doing it! If all the other newspapers stuck pencils up their noses, wed do that, too! This is called market penetration.
My point is that if the newspaper industry which still has not figured out, despite centuries of operation, where your driveway is can get into the Internet, then you can, too. Simply follow the clear, detailed instructions set forth in this column, and youre on your way! I sincerely hope you get very, very rich. Because then I can be your friend.
Dave Barry
B. Answer the questions.
1. What are the risks and rewards of doing business through the Internet?
2. What sort of problems do you think young people may encounter through suddenly becoming very rich?
3. How do you think you would react in similar circumstances?
4. What attitude does Mr. Barry have to modern concepts in business and journalism? Find the sentences where the writer expresses his personal or clearly stated opinions.
5. What is the tone of the article? Speak on the authors choice of words.
