| α ≥ 30% | 3% < α < 30% | α < 3% |
| 2 | ||
| HCl, HBr, HJ, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO3, HClO4, HMnO4, H2CrO4 | HF, HClO2, H3PO4 | H2S, H2SO3, H2CO3, H2SiO3, HCN, HNO2, CH3COOH, HClO, H3BO3 |
| NaOH, KOH, RbOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, CsOH | LiOH, Mg(OH)2 | NH4OH, Cu(OH)2, Fe(OH)3 |
| NaCl, Al2(SO4)3 | Mg(CN)2, ZnCl2, HgCl2, Fe(SNC)3 |
3
( )
| ∆0298 , / | S 0298 /∙ | ∆G 0 298 / | |
| gBr () | -100,4 | 107,1 | -96,9 |
| gCl () | -127,0 | 96,3 | -109,8 |
| Br2 () | 30,9 | 245,5 | 3,1 |
| C() | 5,7 | ||
| 4 () | -74,9 | 186,2 | -50,8 |
| () | -110,5 | 197,5 | -137,1 |
| 2 () | -393,5 | 213,7 | -394,4 |
| () | 41,6 | ||
| l2 () | -795,9 | 108,4 | -749,4 |
| CaCO3 () | -1206,8 | 91,7 | -1128,4 |
| CaO () | -635,1 | 38,1 | -603,5 |
| Cl2 () | 222,9 | ||
| Fe () | 27,3 | ||
| FeO () | -264,8 | 60,8 | -244,3 |
| Fe2O3 () | -822,2 | 87,4 | -740,3 |
| Fe3O4 | -1117,1 | 146,2 | -1014,2 |
| FeS2 () | -178,2 | 52,9 | -166,9 |
| H2 () | 130,5 | ||
| 2 () | -241,8 | 188,7 | -228,6 |
| 2 () | -285,83 | 70,08 | -237,25 |
| l () | -92,31 | 186,79 | -95,3 |
| I () | 26,57 | 206,48 | 1,78 |
| 2S () | -20,9 | 205,69 | -33,8 |
| N2() | 191,5 | ||
| NH3 () | -46,2 | 192,6 | -16,7 |
| NO () | 90,3 | 210,6 | 86,6 |
| NO2 () | 33,5 | 240,2 | 51,5 |
| NH4NO3 | -365,7 | 151,1 | -184,0 |
| O2 () | 205,0 | ||
| SO2 () | -296,9 | 248,1 | -300,2 |
| PCl3 () | -311,7 | 218,49 | -274,49 |
| PCl5 () | -366,9 | 364,4 | -297,1 |
| I2 () | 116,1 | ||
| i () | 30,63 | ||
| TiO2 () | -943,9 | 50,33 | -888,6 |
4
( )
| 2.1 | |||||||
| Li 1.0 | Be 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.5 | N 3.0 | 3.5 | F 4.0 | |
| Na 0.9 | Mg 1.2 | Al 1. 5 | Si 1.8 | P 2.1 | S 2.6 | C1 3.0 | |
| 0.9 | Ca 1.0 | Sc 1.3 | Ti 1. 5 | V 1.6 | Cr 1.6 | Mn 1.7 | Pe 1.9 Co 1.9 Ni 1.9 |
| u 1.9 | Zn l.6 | Ga l.6 | Ge l.8 | As 2.0 | Se 2.4 | Br 2.8 | |
| Rb 0.8 | Sr l.0 | Y 1.2 | Zr l.6 | Nb l.6 | Mo 1.8 | Tc l.9 | Ru 2.2 Rh 2.2 Pd 2.2 |
| Ag 1.9 | Cd l.7 | In 1.7 | Sn l.8 | Sb 1.9 | 2.1 | I 2.5 | Xe 2.6 |
| Cs 0.7 | Ba 0.9 | La-Li 1.0-1.2 | Hf l.3 | 1.5 | W 1.7 | Re 1.9 | Os 2.2 Ir 2.2 Pt 2.2 |
| u 2.4 | Hg l.9 | T1 1.9 | Pb 1.9 | Bi 1.9 | Po 2.0 | At 2.2 | |
| Fr 0.7 | Ra 0.9 | Ac-Md 1.1-1.2 |
|
|
|
5
-
| - | - | - | , | , | |||
| , , | + | Na3[Co(NO2)6] (3) | NaK2[Co(NO2)6] ↓ . | ||||
| Na+ | KH2SbO4 | NaH2SbO4 ↓ . | |||||
| NH4+ | NaOH () | NH3 ↑ | |||||
| - | HCl | AgCl↓ | Ag+ | HCI NH4OH HNO 3 | AgCI ↓ [Ag(NH3)2]CI AgCI ↓ | . .. ... | |
| PbCI2 ↓ . | Pb2+ | KJ | PbJ2 ↓ . | ||||
| - | H2SO4 | aSO4 ↓ . | Ca2+ | (NH4)2C2O4 () | CaC2O4 ↓ . | ||
| BaSO4↓ . | Ba2+ | K2Cr2O7 + 2 + + CH3COONa | BaCrO 4 ↓ . | ||||
| NaOH | . NaOH | Na3[Cr(OH)6] − | Cr3+ | H2O2 + NaOH () | Na2CrO4 − | ||
| Na2[Sn(OH)4] − | Sn2+ | Bi(NO3)3 + NaOH | Na2[Sn(OH)6] + Bi ↓ | ||||
| Na2[Zn(OH)4] − | Zn2+ | (NH4)2[Hg(NCS)4] + CoCI2 (0,02%) | ZnCo[Hg(NCS)4]2 ↓ | ||||
| - NaOH | . NaOH | Fe(OH)2 ↓ | Fe2+ | K3[Fe(CN)6] (HCI) | Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 ↓ | ||
| Fe(OH)3↓ - | Fe3+ | K4[Fe(CN)6] (HCI) KCS | Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 ↓ K3[Fe(NCS)6] − - | ||||
| Mn(OH)2↓ | Mn2+ | NaBiO3 + HNO3 | HMnO4 − -. | ||||
| NH4OH | . NH4OH | Co(NH3)6](OH)2 − | Co2+ | Na2S2O3 () () | CoS2O3 | ||
| [u(NH3)4](OH)2 − | Cu2+ | NH4OH (2) | [u(NH3)4]SO4 − | ||||
| [Ni(NH3)6](OH)2 − | Ni2+ | (NH4OH) |
6
| - | - | - | , | , | |||
| - | BaCI2 (- - ) | BaSO4 ↓ . | SO42− | BaCI2 (HCI) | BaSO4 ↓ . | ||
| BaSO3 ↓ . | SO32− | HCI J2 + 2 | SO2 HJ + H2SO4 | . | |||
| BaCO3 ↓ . | CO32− | HCI a(OH)2 | CO2 ↑ CaCO3 ↓ | . | |||
| Ba3(PO4)2 ↓ . | PO43− | MgCI2 + NH4CI | MgNH4PO4 ↓ . | ||||
| Ba3(AsO3)2 ↓ . | AsO33− | J2 + H2O | AsO43− + HJ | ||||
| Ba3(AsO4)2 ↓ . | AsO43− | KJ + HCI () | AsO33− + J2 c . | ||||
| - HNO3 | AgNO3 (HNO3) | AgCI ↓ | CI− | AgNO3 NH4OH HNO3 | AgCI ↓ [Ag(NH3)2]CI AgCI ↓ | . .. ... | |
| AgBr ↓ - | Br− | CI2 () | Br2 . | ||||
| AgJ ↓ | J− | Pb(NO3)2 | PbJ2 ↓ | ||||
| Ag2S ↓ | S2− | CdCO3 () | CdS ↓ | ||||
| NO3− | H2SO4 (.) Cu | HNO3 (.) NO2 ↑ () | |||||
| NO2− | KJ + H2SO4 | NO ↑ + J2 ↓ - | |||||
| CH3COO− | H2SO4 () | CH3COOH ↑ |
|
|
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1. .. .: ./ .. , .. . ˗ .: , 2012. ˗ 592.
2. . : . / .. , .. [ .] 2- ., . .: -; .: . , 2014. ˗ 542.
1. .. . / .. , .. . .: : -, 2014. ˗ 256.
2. .. . ˗ .: , 2009.
3. : . / . . . -; .: .. , .. , .. . 2- ., . : - , 2015. 136.
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.: (383) 2670910, [email protected]
