- , . , , . .
: m(H) = 1,674 10-27
m(O) = 2,667 10-26
m (C) = 1,993 10-26
. , . (r) 1/12 .
1/12m(c) 1 ...
1... = 1/12 1,993 10-26 = 1,661 10-27
r .
r() = = = 15,99 ~ 16
r(H) = = = 1,0079 ~ 1
, r. r . . r . r , .
n= = = 2,1
, 2,1 , .
(Mr) , (). . , . :
.
Mr (Cu2O)= 143,0914
Mr (Na3PO4)= 163,9407
Mr (AlCl3)= 133,3405
Mr (Ba3N2)= 439,9944
Mr (KNO3)= 101,1032
Mr (Fe (OH)2)= 89,8597
Mr (Mg(NO3)2)= 148,3148
Mr (Al2(SO4)3)= 342,1509
(n) , , . , (, , , ).
(n) . , (, , , ..), 0,012 (12 ) = 1 12.
NA 0,012 (12 ) , 1 , :
.
NA .
, , , , .
, (2H2 + O2 → 2H2O) , . .
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: 1 = 6,022×1023 ( ) - CaCl2.
1 (1 ) = 6 . 1023 Fe
1 (1 ) Cl- = 6 . 1023 Cl-.
1 (1 ) - = 6 . 1023 -.
:
() - (/, /). , , , r = 18 ( ), = 18 /. :
, XVII XVIII .
1. (.. ,1748).
. (1789, .. ) - . , .
2. (. ,1799-1804).
, . , , . ( 30 ) ( 100 .) . , (), , . ( 500 .) .
3. (. , . , 1792-1804).
, , . , () . .
,
- .
4. (. ,1811).
, (, ), . , :
Ø (.., = 273 , = 101,325 ) - (Vm), 22,4 /.
Ø , ( ), () .
. ,
,
29 - , , .
Ø ( -).
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(III) 1,45 ?
4 (.) + Cl2 (.) = PCl3 (.)
: 1. , , .. : 4 (.) + 6Cl2 (.) = 4PCl3 (.). 1 4 6 Cl2, 4 PCl3
2. 4 , , . .. ~ 31, , 1 31 ( ), 4 124 . 1,45 :
1,45 =0,0117
124 1
3. 0,0117 . , 1 6 , , 6 . :
0,0117 6 = 0,07 .
4. :
0,07 70,906 ( 1 Cl2) = 4,963 Cl2
5. (III) . :
5.1. 1,45 4 (.) + 4,963 . Cl2 (.) = 6,413 . PCl3 (.)
5.2. .
:
BaCl2 2H2O
BaCl2 2H2O :
(BaCl2 2H2O) = 137+ 2 35,5 + 2 18 =244 /
BaCl2 2H2O , 1 2 2.
, BaCl2 2H2O: m(H2O) = 2 18 = 36 .
BaCl2 2H2O. ω(H2O) = m(H2O)/ m(BaCl2 2H2O) = 36/244 = 0,1475 = 14,75%.
1. 17,56% , 39,69% 42,75% . . (Na2Cr2O7).
2. : 0,7241 ( 72,41%), 0,2759 ( 27,59%). . (Fe3O4)
(). , 26,67%, 2,22%, 71,11%. 90.
1. : w = ; n = ; x: y: z = n(C): n(H): n(O). 2. , , , m(CxHyOz) = 100 . m(C) = w(C) m(CxHyOz) = 0,2667 100 = 26,67 . m(H) = w(H) m(CxHyOz) = 0,0222 100 = 2,22 . m(O) = w(O) m(CxHyOz) = 0,7111 100 = 71,11 . n(C) = = = 2,22 .; n(H) = = = 2,22 .; n(O) = = = 4,44 . 3. : n(C): n(H): n(O) = 2,22 : 2,22 : 4,44 . x: y: z = 1: 1: 2. CHO2. 4. : Mr(CHO2) = Ar(C) + Ar(H) + 2Ar(O) = 12 + 1 + 216 = 45; Mr(CHO2): Mr(CxHyOz) = 45: 90 = 1: 2. C2H2O4. : C2H2O4. . , 9 . . 8 . . . : : : : . D(). () D , , . Ÿ : D() = () / () . : D H2 = M( ) / M(H2) = M( ) / 2 , . Ÿ 29 / ( ). : D . = ( ) / 29 : , 84,21% 15,79% , 3,93. 100 . 84,21 , 15,79 . 1. : ν(C) = m / M = 84,21 / 12 = 7,0175 , ν(H) = 15,79 / 1 = 15,79 . 2. : : = 7,0175: 15,79 ( ) = 1: 2,25 ( 1, 2,3,4 .. 0 9. 4) = 4: 9. , 49. 3. : = D(.) 29 = 114 /. , 49 57 /, 2 . , 818. | |
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