, , , ( ) . , , , .
:
1. . .
2. . - , . .
3. . . : , , .
4. . , -. .
5. . , , .
. , , ( ) .
(indifference curve) , , .
. 2.
, . (. 3).
. 3.
䒺 , . - .
.
(marginal rate of substitution MRS) , ( ), ( ) () .
X Y :
, , ,
, , . , MRS = 0 .
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, .
. , DY Y D . Y MUY, MU, , DYMUy DMU. , :
DYMUy = − DMU, ,
, MRSxy = .
. , .
(budget line) , , .
, Y , , X, y Y, :
= x + PyY,
( )
Y = ,
x /y , .
= 0, Y = /Py, Y. Y = 0, X = /Px. , (budget constraint):
. 4.
(consumer equilibrium) (, , ):
. 5. г
:
MRSxy = .
. , - ᒺ.
̳ , .
. , , , , . ³ ( ), ( ).
(demand) () , ( ) ( ) .
(individual demand) (market demand) . .
(quantity demanded) , .
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ֳ (demand price) , .
(law of demand). :
1. (income effect) , ( ), .
2. () (substitution effect) .
3. (law of diminishing marginal utility) , . ³, ( ) , .
. ó (18371910). 䳿, . ϳ , , . , , (, ) . , ( , ), ó.
, . ( ) , () . , Ferrari De Beers. ( , , , (band wagon effect)), , , .
( 6).
. 6. (demand curve)
, , .
, , (demand function). . :
Qd = f(P) = a bp,
P ;
Qd ;
, b ,
(a > 0, b > 0).
( ) , . , , , . 㳿 Pd = f(Q) ( . ). ϳ , .
, . : P(price) , Q(quantity) , D (demand) .
, ( (determinants of demand)):
1. ʳ .
2. .
3. .
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4. (ᒺ ).
5. ֳ - () () .
6. ֳ .
, :
Qd = f (, N, , W, F, PS, PC, E),
Qd ;
P ;
N ;
.
W ;
F ;
PS - () (substitute goods, substitutes);
PC - () (complementary goods, complements);
E .
, , -, , . .
(change in quantity demanded) , (change in demand) . - ( ), - ( ).
. 7. (D 1) (D 2)
䳿 (normal goods) ( ) ó (Giffen goods) ( ).
( ) ( ).
ó , . ó.
, , . () (elasticity of demand).
(coefficient of price elasticity of demand), 1%.
,
dp ;
∆Q , %;
∆ , %.
(coefficient of income elasticity of demand), 1%:
,
dI ;
∆Q , %;
∆ , %.
(coefficient of cross elasticity of demand), Y 1%:
,
dXY ;
∆QX , %;
∆PY Y, %.
³ , , , (, , ).
, , , = 1, , .
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, : , ó +. , 䒺 . , 䒺 ,
( . .
. 8.
. 8.
D 1 (perfectly inelastic demand) ( ), = 0.
D 2 (perfectly elastic demand) (- ), = ∞.
D 3 (inelastic demand), < 1.
D 4 (unit (or unitary) elastic demand), = 1.
D 5 (elastic demand), > 1.
, , , . .
, :
1. . , .
2. .
3. .
4. . , . , .
5. : , , .
. , , (TR (total revenue)) , .
, , (TR) , .
- .
(supply) () , ( ) ( ) .
(individual and market supply). .
(quantity supplied) , .
ֳ (supply price) , .
(law of supply).
:
1. . , , .
2. , ( , , , ) . , , , . .
(. 9)
. 9.
, , (supply function).
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Qs =f (P) = + dp,
P ;
Qd ;
c, d (c > 0, d > 0).
, ( ):
1) ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) - ;
5) 䳿;
6) .
, :
Qs = f (P, N, Pres, Tech, , T/S, E),
Qs ;
P ;
N ;
Pres ;
Tech 㳿;
K - ;
T/S 䳿;
E .
, , , 㳿 , - , , . .
- ( ), - ( ).
(elasticity of supply). , ( ).
. 10. (S 1) (S 2)
(coefficient of price elasticity of supply) , 1%. :
,
sp ;
∆Q , %;
∆ , %.
( ) ( ) , .
:
1. ( . )
2. г . , .
3. .
4. . 㳿 . , , , , .
5. ֳ ( ). . , .