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, , , ( ) . , , , .

:

1. . .

2. . - , . .

3. . . : , , .

4. . , -. .

5. . , , .

. , , ( ) .

(indifference curve) , , .

. 2.

 

, . (. 3).

. 3.

 

䒺 , . - .

.

(marginal rate of substitution MRS) , ( ), ( ) () .

X Y :

, , ,

, , . , MRS = 0 .

, .

. , DY Y D . Y MUY, MU, , DYMUy DMU. , :

DYMUy = − DMU, ,

, MRSxy = .

. , .

(budget line) , , .

, Y , , X, y Y, :

= x + PyY,

( )

Y = ,

x /y , .

= 0, Y = /Py, Y. Y = 0, X = /Px. , (budget constraint):

. 4.

 

(consumer equilibrium) (, , ):

. 5. г

 

:

MRSxy = .

. , - ᒺ.

̳ , .

. , , , , . ³ ( ), ( ).

(demand) () , ( ) ( ) .

(individual demand) (market demand) . .

(quantity demanded) , .

ֳ (demand price) , .

(law of demand). :

1. (income effect) , ( ), .

2. () (substitution effect) .

3. (law of diminishing marginal utility) , . ³, ( ) , .

. ó (18371910). 䳿, . ϳ , , . , , (, ) . , ( , ), ó.

, . ( ) , () . , Ferrari De Beers. ( , , , (band wagon effect)), , , .

( 6).

. 6. (demand curve)

, , .

, , (demand function). . :

 

Qd = f(P) = a bp,

 

P ;

Qd ;

, b ,

(a > 0, b > 0).

 

( ) , . , , , . 㳿 Pd = f(Q) ( . ). ϳ , .

, . : P(price) , Q(quantity) , D (demand) .

 

, ( (determinants of demand)):

1. ʳ .

2. .

3. .

4. (ᒺ ).

5. ֳ - () () .

6. ֳ .

, :

Qd = f (, N, , W, F, PS, PC, E),

Qd ;

P ;

N ;

.

W ;

F ;

PS - () (substitute goods, substitutes);

PC - () (complementary goods, complements);

E .

, , -, , . .

(change in quantity demanded) , (change in demand) . - ( ), - ( ).

. 7. (D 1) (D 2)

 

䳿 (normal goods) ( ) ó (Giffen goods) ( ).

( ) ( ).

ó , . ó.

, , . () (elasticity of demand).

(coefficient of price elasticity of demand), 1%.

,

dp ;

∆Q , %;

, %.

 

(coefficient of income elasticity of demand), 1%:

,

dI ;

∆Q , %;

, %.

 

(coefficient of cross elasticity of demand), Y 1%:

,

dXY ;

∆QX , %;

∆PY Y, %.

³ , , , (, , ).

, , , = 1, , .

, : , ó +. , 䒺 . , 䒺 ,

( . .

. 8.

. 8.

 

D 1 (perfectly inelastic demand) ( ), = 0.

D 2 (perfectly elastic demand) (- ), = ∞.

D 3 (inelastic demand), < 1.

D 4 (unit (or unitary) elastic demand), = 1.

D 5 (elastic demand), > 1.

, , , . .

, :

1. . , .

2. .

3. .

4. . , . , .

5. : , , .

. , , (TR (total revenue)) , .

, , (TR) , .

- .

 

(supply) () , ( ) ( ) .

(individual and market supply). .

(quantity supplied) , .

ֳ (supply price) , .

(law of supply).

:

1. . , , .

2. , ( , , , ) . , , , . .

(. 9)

. 9.

, , (supply function).

 

Qs =f (P) = + dp,

 

P ;

Qd ;

c, d (c > 0, d > 0).

, ( ):

1) ;

2) ;

3) ;

4) - ;

5) 䳿;

6) .

, :

Qs = f (P, N, Pres, Tech, , T/S, E),

Qs ;

P ;

N ;

Pres ;

Tech 㳿;

K - ;

T/S 䳿;

E .

, , , 㳿 , - , , . .

- ( ), - ( ).

(elasticity of supply). , ( ).

 

. 10. (S 1) (S 2)

 

(coefficient of price elasticity of supply) , 1%. :

,

sp ;

∆Q , %;

, %.

( ) ( ) , .

:

1. ( . )

2. г . , .

3. .

4. . 㳿 . , , , , .

5. ֳ ( ). . , .

 

 





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