. . . .
, . (), , , . , .
:
- ;
- ;
- ( );
- ().
.
, φ*,
φ .
0 (φ)1 (φ)2, , ( φ). .
φ (φ)1 1, 2 , , 1=2= φ.
(φ)2 R, . , , .
R (φ)2 , , ( ).
B1 2 1 . . , , . , .. , 1. 1 .
, . 01 , .
F
|
|
F = ψ = ,
= 1 = φ,
.. 1 , 2 . Q1 , .. . 2 , . .
().
= Σφ=1000φΣ,
-
, /
.
, /
φ ʻ : φ, ʻ, φ . .
= 1000φΣ= 1000φΣ,
,
.
, [1] :
- :
-
, [1] .
, , , , , 0,5 .
, W, .
=b(Q+P), /.
8
. .
.
, . .
, , , : ; F, W, , ; ; ; ; F, , .. ; W , .. 4 , , ( F ).
, . . , .
|
|
, , . . F, W, , .. .
, R
(8.1)
, * (8.2)
dT=(FK-WK)*dS, * (8.3)
, * (8.4)
- , , *;
- , , .., *;
m , *2/;
w , -1;
Ī .
, *4/ (8.5)
m R2 , *2/
ω = v/Rn Ī
* (8.6)
m m
, (8.7)
, * (8.8)
(5.3)
, * (8.9)
dS=v*dt, dv2=2v*dv,
m(1+γ)v*dv=(F-W)v*dt * (8.10)
m=1000(Q+P)/g, g=9,81 /2, .. g=127000 /2,
(8.11)
ζ=127/(1+γ) (8.12)
(8.13)
(8.14)
, , , .
ζ f w = 1 /, . , ζ . 1 . ζ ζ = 107 123 /2. ζ = 120 /2.
:
, /2 (8.15)
:
- :
, /2 (8.16)
-
, /2 (8.17)
-
, /2 (8.18)
-
, /2 (8.19)
, . , .
, , : , . .
- , / (8.20)
- , / (8.21)
- , / (8.22)
- . Ri = 0, ( ), Ri > 0 , Ri < 0 .
, , F W = f(v) f W = φ(v), .
|
|
. 8.1 F W
. 8.1 F W v. v
, v , F > W, .. , , v , F < W, .. . F - W (Q+),
. 8.2 - :
) , ) , ) , , , .. , , W = 0, .. W = W
w . 0 ( v) Wgi (-) (+).
. :
I ;
, , ;
, ;
.
, .
II , .
;
;
.
II- . v, t S.
(8.23) ,
(8.24)
v n v n+1
(8.25)
, (5.15) dt dS/v, ∆S, v n v n+1
(8.26)
(8.27)
(6.6) (6.7) , , . , , .
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|
, , , . . , . . , .
. 8.3 .
, , , , , . (6.5) (6.7) .
, (8.28)
, (8.29)
, (8.30)
, ∆ v - - , . ∆ v . ∆ v 10 /, , ∆ v ≤5 / 0÷50 / ∆ v ≤10 / v >60 /.
, V, Dt DS , . . , , : 1 / m , 1 / , 1 1 . .
V-f(S) . , , DV ( -b). , (.. .)
. 8.4 .
V1 V2. DV= V1 - V2, , , .
2-3 . S b. (,) , , // . tg<b S :
, (8.31)
(8.32)
(30) (31)
= . (8.33)
. (8.34)
, 3- (, ) , (32). m k, :
(8.35)
, .. . . : , λ. V S , V //, - .
. 8.5
DV1. DVn , S, .
DVi 11¢^O1, 1¢2¢^O2 .., .
|
|
.
. , (. 8.5)
. . (, ) |
, , .
(8.36)
, , , Vcp, D ,
(8.37)
(8.36) (8.37) :
= (8.38)
(6.15), :
(8.39)
: (.)
|
|
S λ . ^ s, Vcp1 Vcpn. 1, n 1,., n, . < DS1, DSn, 11¢; 1¢2¢, ., (n-1)¢n¢ ^ 1, ., n.
.
. | |||||
1 / , | |||||
, 1 / m, | |||||
, 1 , | |||||
- D | - | - | |||
, 1 , | - | - |
, / .
V t . V t .
- . , , .
, , .
( ) , , . .
: , .
, , ., 10-15%.
V t ( ), , .
V t .
V t ( ) / , ( , ). , , : ; ; , , .
. , . . , () S . V1, fy S (. 8.3 8.4).
. , . 0. 0 10 /. ( ) ,
V = 5 /. 1.
( ), 1 λ 11. 11 1 . , 1 , , , 1 1-1 V=10 /, 1-1 10 /. V=10 / V=17,5 / ( ). 2 V=10 /. 2 2 0 , 22. ^ 22 V=17,5 /, 2 .
. , , DV . DV.
2
i = -2,3. , , . , (i = -2,3), , , . .
, V . V5=43 /
V=50 /, V=46,5 /, 6. 0 2,3 / 2, 2,3. 6 2 66, 5 ^ 66. , V6=50 /, 6 5-6 . 7 16.
16 @1200 , . ( 50 /). , 50 / , , , ln/2, . ln@900 . ln/2=450 , , , 50 /. .
- , V=0, 22 .
, V .
5, 5, i = -0,8 V21 = 10 / V22 = 0 /. 22 , V = 10 /. 5 22 2222, 22 ^ 2222, .
2120, 1817. : 116, , 1722, . . 50,5-48 /. 1617, . 1 22 .
. , , , .
( ) V=25 /, .
. , . S , V. =1 =10 , D=30 .
. 1 D=30 λ, ( t). 11, , t, λ. 1 1, 1 ^ , 1 11. 1¢ 11¢, .
12, . 1 , 1, 1¢ ^ , 2 12. 2¢ 1¢2¢ .
2¢3¢, 3¢4¢, 4¢5¢,
5¢6¢,, 21¢22¢, .
. , , t=10 , 10 , ..
1 . t , , D=30 7, . .
1 .
V t , .
2- : , .