A major advance in twentieth century manufacturing was the development of mass production techniques. Mass production refers to manufacturing processes in which an assembly line, usually a conveyer belt, moves the product to stations where each worker performs a limited number of operations until the product is assembled.
Mass production increases efficiency and productivity to a point beyond which the monotony of repeating an operation over and over slows down the workers. Many ways have been tried to increase productivity on assembly lines: some of them are as superficial as piping music into the plant or painting the industrial apparatus in bright colours; others entail giving workers more variety in their tasks and more responsibility for the product. These human factors are important considerations for industrial engineers.
Another factor is whether each manufacturing process can be automated in whole or in part. Automation is a word coined in the 1940s to describe processes by which machines do tasks previously performed by people.
Automation was first applied to industry in continuous-process manufacturing such as refining petroleum, making petrochemicals, and refining steel. A later development was computer-controlled automation of assembly line manufacturing, especially those in which quality control was an important factor.
VI. Translate these sentences into Ukrainian; underline the predicates and define their verb forms:
1. We know of the advance in the development of steam engines that produced automatic valves.
2. A complex system of conveyer belts and chain drives moves car parts to workers who perform the thousands of necessary assembling tasks.
3. Automation describes processes by which machines do tasks previously performed by people.
4. Long before that, during the Middle Ages, windmills had been made to turn by taking advantage of changes in the wind by means of devices that worked automatically.
5. Human factors must try to balance an efficient system of manufacturing with the complex needs of workers.
VII. Find in the text nouns corresponding to the following words; translate them into Ukrainian:
Mass, conveyer, assembly, continuous-process, computer-controlled, steam, production, chain.
VIII. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:
, , , , , , , , .
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. Underline the correct verb in the sentences and translate them into Ukrainian:
1. If he wasnt/werent so tired, he would continue the experiment.
2. If the scientist was/were earning more money, he could buy equipment for the laboratory.
3. Polytechnics is/are centres for advanced courses in a wide range of subjects.
4. Each science elaborate/elaborates a specific language to describe objects of its investigation.
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5. The engineers havent/hasnt been out the country for several years.
II. Define the type of the conditional sentences and translate them:
1. Had he known it, he would not have gone there.
2. If I had seen him yesterday, I should have asked him about it.
3. If he had not so good at mathematics, he would not have done all the calculations in a so short time.
4. If I had been more careful, I wouldnt have made such a big mistake.
5. If he knew English well, he would have translated the article without difficulty yesterday.
III. State the meaning of the Modal + Perfect Infinitive constructions in the following sentences and translate them into Ukrainian:
1. Each shift might have followed on where the preceding one stopped.
2. He could not have overlooked such a serious mistake.
3. You ought to have come to me for help.
4. I ran all the way to work, but I neednt have hurried because I was the first person to arrive.
5. You should have been more careful.
IV. Complete the sentences with too or enough and translate them:
1. The water isnt worm to work with.
2. The river is polluted for fish to live in.
3. The computer isnt powerful to complete this program.
4. Some people are proud to admit that they dont know.
5. Jake is impatient to be a good scientist.
V. Translate the text into Ukrainian:
The plastic age
It's in our homes. It's the most common material in the workplace. Sometimes it's even in our bodies. We may be moving into the Information Age, but it's hard to believe that we are not living in the Plastic a ge.
You can bend plastic, mold it, model it, twist it and ply it in a number of different ways. The finished product can be soft and airy foam or a hard and strong compound rivaling the sturdiest metal alloys.
The first in the long line of man-made plastics was called Bakelite, after its inventor, Leo Baekeland. Many years of work in his chemistry lab in Yonkers, New York, led him in 1907 to the invention of the first synthetic polymer (plastic), made by linking small molecules together to make large ones.
Baekeland made his new material by mixing the carbolic acid (phenol) with the strong-smelling formaldehyde to make a third material that was nothing like the original two. It turned out to be a substance that would change the world.
Some of the early uses for plastic were to make things like radio cabinets, buttons, billiard balls, pipe-stems, toilet seats, airplane parts and, the object of Baekeland's research, shellac. Baekeland's trick was to take the resin produced by the two chemicals and heat it under pressure to produce a soft solid that could be molded and hardened or powdered and set under pressure. With this innovation, the plastic revolution was under way.
VI. Translate these sentences into Ukrainian; underline the predicates and define their verb forms:
1. In its many forms, plastic has forever changed the way we live.
2. The very name plastic means versatility.
3. Some of the early uses for plastic were to make things like radio cabinets, buttons, billiard balls, pipe-stems, airplane parts and others.
4. You can mold plastic in a number of different ways.
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5. Plastic turned out to be a substance that would change the world.
VII. Find in the text nouns corresponding to the following words; translate them into Ukrainian:
Plastic, man-made, chemistry, metal, radio, billiard, toilet, airplane.
VIII. Translate the following words and word combinations into English:
, , , , , , , , , .
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. Underline the correct verb in the sentences and translate them into Ukrainian:
1. If Alex was/were younger, he would have got the job.
2. Rob and Lucy have/has not attended the lectures for two weeks.
3. Physics was/were a very difficult subject for the student.
4. The texts of this lesson is/are difficult.
5. The mechanics is/are looking at the engine.
II. Define the type of the conditional sentences and translate them:
1. Had he come, I should have been glad.
2. If you had repeated the rules, you would know them better now.
3. If she were well-qualified, she would have got the job.
4. If you had worked harder last year, you would know English well now.
5. If you had visited the power station you would have seen the new turbine.
III. State the meaning of the Modal + Perfect Infinitive constructions in the following sentences and translate them into Ukrainian:
1. She might have called us while we were out.
2. They cant have gone to the laboratory.
3. She ought not to have borrowed his car without asking.
4. He could have been injured, but he wasnt.
5. This line should have been put into operation long ago.
IV. Complete the sentences with too or enough and translate them:
1. She always arrives at the airport early to take off.
2. Emmas exam results arent good to go to university.
3. It isnt cold to turn on the heating.
4. You put much water in the measuring glass.
5. There are many chairs to work in the laboratory.
V. Translate the text into Ukrainian:
