[Principles of modern construction are to coordinate labour and material in order to build and develop a project within the time frame with a profitable result.
According to these principles some problems have appeared in the design of safe, strong and economical structures. They are:] the selection of the most suitable material for a definite application and the determination of the correct shape and dimensions for all of the component parts. [The problem of selection of the most suitable material for a definite application is both a very important one and at the same time a somewhat difficult one.]
The final choice is dictated by many considerations, including availability, cost and resistance to failure. The last of these, resistance to failure, is the one with which the science of Strength of Materials is connected. Failure may take place in many ways.
[It is the function of the designer to see that no type of failure should occur.] To do this he must, of course, be well acquainted with the rational principles of design, and he must also possess detailed knowledge of the mechanical properties of materials under all operating conditions.
It is often possible that a machine or a structural member could be constructed from any one of a number of different materials. In such cases, availability and cost may become important considerations.
Selection of the suitable material must not, however, be based only on comparative material cost because other factors, such as costs of fabrication and erection, and cost of maintenance may be even more important.
[The basic problem of design, besides the selection of the material for the part in question, is the determination of the suitable shape and dimensions.] The science of the Strength of Materials provides the logical basis for this determination. The first step is the application of well known principles of mechanics to the determination of the internal forces and deformation in a stressed body when it is subjected to various types of external loading.
[The internal forces are usually expressed in terms of stresses (forces per unit of area) and the deformations in the form of strains (changes in length per unit of length or changes in angles). In order to obtain values for the stresses in term of the applied loads and the dimensions of the members one has to use Hooke`s law which states that stress is proportional to strain.]
Ex. I. Find the equivalents:
| according to | наличие |
| suitable materials | через |
| strong structures | сопротивление разрушению |
| in order to | прочные конструкции |
| per unit of area | в соответствии |
| in terms of | для того, чтобы |
| stress and strain | напряжение и деформация |
| fabrication | на единицу площади |
| resistance of failure | изготовление |
| availability | подходящие материалы |
Ex. II. Translate the following:
Time, time frame, time frame control, material, material selection, material selection requirement, material availability, material cost.
Ex. III. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1. The material availability is the only factor which avoids the structure failure
2. There are many factors which effect the choice of the suitable material
3. It is the function of the designer to consider all the factors to avoid the structure failure
4. The determination of the correct shape and dimensions are not included in the design.
Ex. IV. Translate in pairs (Active-Passive voice)
1. The selection of suitable materials should be based on material cost. We should also consider fabrication and erection cost.
2. The engineers have applied many new modern techniques in this region recently. They will be widely applied in future in many industrial enterprises.
3. The representatives of our organization discussed the advantages and disadvantages of this technique. They were considered at the conference yesterday.
4. The final material choice is approved by many considerations, including availability, cost and resistance to failure. But the correct material shape and dimensions approve their definite application too.
5. The designer must be well acquainted with the rational principles of design. But he must also possess detailed knowledge of the properties of materials.
Ex. V. Translate into Russian in written form.
Traditional building materials are generally bulky and heavy and variable in shape and size. While cheap by themselves they are often expensive to use. Techniques of using them have been developed having eliminated most of the difficulties. New materials, often developed in other fields, have been found. They provide greater flexibility in use and are lighter and more uniform than traditional materials. Such materials often enable to solve a greater range of problems and are often cheaper than traditional materials. However, newer materials sometimes do not combine easily with the traditional ones
.
Additional Text A
CONSTRUCTION SITE
Our country is connected with advanced states as Finland, Japan, Italy, France, Germany. We create optimal conditions for more fruitful works. Russia cooperates in the construction with many countries for the further expansion of mutual exchanges.
As a rule, these exchanges are carried out between the Customer and the Contractor.
The Contractor carries out the full amount of work.
The Customer hands over to the Contractor full information on the geological, climatic, natural conditions of the site. You may use all roads leading to the site.
During the inspection of the access roads we find, that parts of the roads do not meet the requirements for the transportation of heavy loads.
The Contractor affords to any person authorized by him a free access to the construction site. The Contractor inspects and examines the site and acquaints himself with the access to the construction site, relief of the site, soil of the site.
You provide normal watching as well as lighting and fencing and maintain them properly.
All the things of archaeological interest discovered on the site are deemed to be the absolute property of the Customer.
New materials, often developed in other fields, have been found. They provide greater flexibility in use and are lighter and more uniform than traditional materials. Such materials often enable to solve a greater range of problems and are often cheaper than traditional materials. However, newer materials sometimes do not combine easily with the traditional ones.
From our experience we believe it proper if we give to you the possession of the portions of the site 30 days before the beginning of the works.
Upon completion of the works, the Contractor removes from the site temporary works, rubbish, unused materials, constructional equipment.
According to the tender documents the settlement for the Contractor’s employees is handed over to the Customer upon completion of construction. In addition to houses, we build a canteen, a shop, a swimming pool, sports grounds and other projects providing normal living conditions.
The Contractor in all his actions is governed by the local laws of the country. He uses local equipment and particularly all materials available in the local market.
All the works are executed in accordance with the requirements of safety regulations. Completion of works is certified by an appropriate certificate.
Ex. I. Give the summary of the text in 2 or 3 sentences.
Additional Text B
