How many projectors does it take to mess up one presentation? (A Joke)
Using some type of visual is a good way to signal the participants that your presentation will be different. It could be an interesting picture or a funny quotation on the overhead screen or a nicely done colour flipchart page. It could be anything that makes the participants take notice. It will build their anticipation of your presentation.
The presenters that use visual aids in their presentations are perceived as significantly better prepared, more professional, more persuasive, more credible and more interesting than the presenters who do not use visuals. The most common mistake you should avoid in such presentations is talking to the screen instead of to the audience. Duplicate your visuals on your notes to reduce the urge to read from the screen or chart.
Technical and financial information can be boring and dry, and the audio/visual equipment and the more modern computer generated images and multimedia can be used as alternative ways to add humour, excitement, and clarity to your presentations. Slides, overhead transparencies, and flip charts are the old, but very effective, standards. Video, CD-ROM, and other forms of electronic multimedia are becoming cheaper and easier to use. All these methods allow the media to display the humour, which takes at least some of the pressure off you, the presenter. But you should remember that visual aids can only add to a good speech, they cannot rescue a poorly developed speech.
If you decide to use statistical information in your speech, it will be easier for your audience to understand it when you present the numbers visually through charts and graphs. Statistics will also have a much greater impact if your audience can see the relationship between the numbers, instead of having to imagine how numbers relate.
Good visuals speak for themselves and require little or no descriptions, but you often need to draw your audience's attention to the key points, talk about changes and developments, and emphasize overall trends and significant figures.
The following presentation extract is an example of introducing such visuals:
I'd like you to look at this chart, which shows the current position of six of our leading products. Let's take a closer look for a moment at product movement in the high growth sector.
Grammar Focus: Complex Object with the Infinitive
If we analyze the structure of the above extract form the grammatical point of view, we can observe that in both sentences, along with the subject and predicate, there are secondary agents and actions that form a unit called
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Complex Object with the Infinitive:
The verbs that can be followed by object + infinitive:
advise, allow, ask, believe, can't bear, cause, choose, consider, declare, encourage, expect, find, feel, forbid, force, get, hate, have, help, imagine, intend, invite, help, lt, leave, like, love, know, make, mean, need, observe, order, persuade, prefer, remind, report, see, suppose, teach, tell, trust, want, warn, wish, would like
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Examples:
I want you to realize that the consequences of this might be very serious. (NOT I want that you realize ).
I'dlike you to look at the upper part of the chart.
I encourage you to consider how your experience with the College of Engineering has impacted your career and your life, and in doing so, I urge you to consider how your investment in the College might similarly impact the lives of our current students.
We wish it to be known to all of you
To summarize this discussion, I want to emphasize the following: when I express a certain pattern, I do not mean it to be taken literally.
The verbs let and make are followed by object + infinitive without to:
Let us take a closer look at product movement in the high growth sector.
The implications of this will make us pay more attention to the development of the branch.
However, passive structures with make have the infinitive with to:
We were made to reconsider the question.
The infinitive is also used without to after verbs of perception:
In this part of the graph you can see the curve go up.
At this point we observe the demand increase by 10%.
Practice Assignments
I. Complete the following expressions. Identify the sentences containing the complex object with the infinitive.
| us to consider | on to about out | this part of the graph in more detail. | |
| to point | one particularly important feature. | ||
| I'd like | you to think | the significance of this figure here. | |
| us to focus our attention | one or two interesting details. | ||
| to draw your attention | the alternatives. |
II. Complete these sentences:
1. I'd like you to look at this
2. Let us analyze this
3. If we want our enterprise to be profitable, we should
4. If you want people to know why they should buy your product, you should
5. We expect you to investigate the successes and failures of...
III. Fill the gaps in the following sentences with the words from the box.
allow, cause, expect, know, mean, suppose, wish, would like
1. I you to turn to the figures at the back of your prepared material.
2. There will be four problem sets, of which I you to do three.
3. You can store your CV in our database and it to be searchable.
4. But it to burn, uninsured, before the time upon which your figures are based.
5. Talking about suicide won't its rate to lower.
6. Please enter your name and company name as you it to appear on your badge.
7. But how do you it to be true?
8. I don't it to be the explanation that everyone must accept.
IV. Most of the problems that come up during presentations can be expected. Overhead projector bulbs burn out unexpectedly, posters sometimes fall down, and videotapes sometimes jam in the machine. You should be the first one to joke about it. If you do, the chances are that it will immediately become a nonissue. All you have to do is search out a witty comment for each type of problem you think may occur.
Match a humorous remark in column A with the corresponding situation in column B.
| A | B |
| 1. I just wanted you to wake up. 2. I must be too boring, yet I did not mean that item to commit suicide. 3. We can't force humour to fix everything. 4. It appears that someone wants me to shed some more light on this subject. 5. This microphone invites me to squeal with delight because we are both happy to be here. 6. They often report me to be brighter than my equipment. 7. I advise you to stand on your heads for this one. 8. Let this be a dry part of my presentation. 9. I knew I shouldn't have made my dog proofread this. 10. Give me an inch and you'll see me fall. 11. I always knew you'd like me to start off with a bang. 12. I did not expect my dog to eat my visual. | a. highlighter runs out of ink b. lights go out c. microphone squeals d. projector light burns out e. slide is upside down f. someone points out a misspelling g. something falls h. something is broken i. you cannot find an important document or visual j. you drop something k. you hear a loud crash l. you stumble going to the podium |
Glossary Of Terms
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Abbreviations
letter(s) or shortened word used instead of a full word or phrase
Active Voice
in the active voice, the subject of the verb does the action (eg They killed the President). See also Passive Voice.
Adjective
a word which modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun: a word like big, red, easy, French etc.
Adverb
a word which modifies a verb, an adverb, or an adjective: a word like slowly, quietly, well, often etc.
Agreement
the grammatical logic and coherence between parts of a sentence
Articles
a word that specifies whether a noun is definite or indefinite; the "indefinite" articles are a and an; the "definite article" is the.
Audience
the person or persons receiving a speech or piece of writing
Auxiliary Verb
a verb that is used with a main verb. Be, do and have are auxiliary verbs. Can, may, must etc are modal auxiliary verbs.
Clause
a structural unit of language which is smaller than the sentence but larger than phrases or words, and which contains a subject and its verb (for example: It was late when he arrived).
Cliché
an over-used phrase or expression
Conjunction
a word which connects words or other constructions (for example: and, but, if)
Context
the setting in which speech or writing takes place
Dialect
a form of speech peculiar to a district, class, or person
Ellipsis
the omission of words from a sentence
Extemporaneous
descriptive of a presentation for which the main ideas and structure have been worked out in advance but specific wording has not been developed.
Figure of speech
expressive use language in non-literal form to produce striking effect
Function
the role language plays to express ideas or attitudes
Grammar
the study of sentence structure, especially with reference to syntax and semantics
Idiom
a sequence of words which forms a whole unit of meaning
Infinitive
The basic form of a verb as in to work or work.
Interjection
An exclamation inserted into an utterance without grammatical connection (for example: oh!, ah!, ouch!, well!).
Irony
saying [or writing] one thing, whilst meaning the opposite
Jargon
the technical language of an occupation or group
Metaphor
a figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another
Metonymy
a figure of speech in which an attribute is substituted for the whole
Modal Verb
An auxiliary verb like can, may, must etc that modifies the main verb and expresses possibility, probability etc. It is also called "modal auxiliary verb".
Noun
a word which names an object, like table, dog, teacher, America etc. A noun is the name of an object, concept, person or place. A " concrete noun" is something you can see or touch like a person or car. An " abstract noun" is something that you cannot see or touch like a decision or happiness. A " countable noun" is something that you can count (for example: bottle, song, dollar). An " uncountable noun" is something that you cannot count (for example: water, music, money)
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Object
in the active voice, a noun or its equivalent that receives the action of the verb. In the passive voice, a noun or its equivalent that does the action of the verb
Onomatopoeia
a word that sounds like the thing it describes
Oxymoron
a figure of speech which yokes two contradictory terms
Paradox
a figure of speech in which an apparent contradiction contains a truth
Participle
a word derived from a verb. The -ing form is called the "present participle". The -ed form is called the "past participle" (for irregular verbs, this is column 3).
Part of Speech
One of the classes of word in English - noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, numeral, preposition, conjunction and interjection
Passive Voice
in the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb (eg The President was killed). See also Active Voice
Phrase
a group of words, smaller than a clause, which forms a grammatical unit,
not containing a subject and its verb (eg on the table, the girl in a red dress).
Point of view
a term from literary studies which describes the perspective or source of a piece of writing
Predicate
Each sentence contains (or implies) two parts: a subject and a predicate. The predicate is what is said about the subject.
Preparation outline
An outline used in developing a speech; main ideas and supporting material are usually set forth in complete sentences.
Presentation outline
An outline used while presenting a speech; typically consists only of key words written on an index card.
Preposition
a word like at, to, in, over etc., which governs and typically precedes a noun or a pronoun. Prepositions give information about things like time, place and direction.
Pronoun
a word like I, me, you, he, him, it etc., that can substitute for a noun or a noun phrase
Sentence
a set of words which form a grammatically complete statement, usually containing or implying a subject, verb, and object. A sentence expresses a thought and conveys a statement, question, exclamation or command. A sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop (.), question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!).
Simile
a figure of speech in which one thing is directly likened to another
Slang
informal, non-standard vocabulary. The stylistic label slang is used with words or senses that are especially appropriate in contexts of extreme informality, that usually have a currency not limited to a particular region or area of interest, and that are composed typically of shortened forms or extravagant or facetious figures of speech.
Speech
the oral medium of transmission for language
Standard English
a dialect representing English speech and writing comprehensible to most users
Structure
the arrangement of parts or ideas in a piece of writing
Style
aspects of writing (or speech) which have an identifiable character generally used in a positive sense to indicate 'pleasing effects'
Subject
Every sentence contains (or implies) two parts: a subject and a predicate. The subject is the main noun (or equivalent) in a sentence about which something is said
Synonym
a word which means (almost) the same as another
Tense
the form of a verb that shows us when the action or state happens (past, present or future). Note that the name of a tense is not always a guide to when the action happens. The "present continuous tense", for example, can be used to talk about the present or the future.
Tone
an author's or speaker's attitude, as revealed in 'quality of voice' or 'selection of language'
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Verb
a term expressing an action or a state of being: a word like (to) work, (to) love, (to) begin.
Vocabulary
the particular selection or types of words chosen in speech or writing
Speech Topics
From a given set of topics choose one to develop a speech.
| Those who have power get to censor, and those who lack power get silenced. Social injustice justifies political violence. It's better to be silent and thought a fool, than to speak and remove all doubt. "It is good to dream, but it is better to dream and work. Faith is mighty, but action with faith is mightier. Desiring is helpful, but work and desire are invincible." Thomas Robert Gaines | To limit the press is to insult a nation; to prohibit reading of certain books is to declare the inhabitants to be either fools or slaves. Claude Adrien Helvetius The ideas of a nation may be told from its advertisements. Learn from the misfortunes of others. "A man's dreams are an index to his greatness." Zadok Rabinwitz |
| We can afford to tell the truth. There is a different law for the rich. Knowledge is more to be desired than gold. "Follow your dream! Unless it's the one where you're at work in your underwear during a fire drill." | We have a right to know the facts. We are a nation of sheep. Luck is the major influence in our lives. "A dreamer is one who can only find his way by moonlight, and his punishment is that he sees the dawn before the rest of the world." Oscar Wilde |
| "A person who is able to say everything becomes able to do everything." Napoleon Bonaparte "To be governed is to be watched over, inspected, spied on, directed, legislated, regimented, closed in, indoctrinated, preached at, controlled, assessed, evaluated, censored, commanded; all by creatures that have neither the right, nor wisdom, nor virtue..." Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Migration is for the birds. "Creativity is inventing, experimenting, growing, taking risks, breaking rules, making mistakes, and having fun." Mary Lou Cook | Censorship should stay in the home. Laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps and hornets break through Jonathan Swift "Thoughts On Various Subjects" Equality is a myth. "Above all, we are coming to understand that the arts incarnate the creativity of a free people. When the creative impulse cannot flourish, when it cannot freely select its methods and objects, when it is deprived of spontaneity, then society severs the root of art." John F. Kennedy (35th U.S. President) |
| Mass media is misleading. Parliament is no longer the people's house. History repeats itself. "Periods of tranquillity are seldom prolific of creative achievement. Mankind has to be stirred up." Alfred North Whitehead | People are the play-things of the media. Patriotism is not enough. Home is where the heart is. "The secret to creativity is knowing how to hide your sources." Albert Einstein |
| Without censorship, things can get terribly confused in the public mind. You only have power over people as long as you don't take everything away from them. But when you've robbed a man of everything he's no longer in your power -- he's free again. Alexander Solzhenitsyn Pride goes before a fall. "For better or worse, our future will be determined in large part by our dreams and by the struggle to make them real." Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi | We do not want to talk about censorship because the whole idea of restricting ideas seems below debate. They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety. Ben Franklin Love wasn't meant to be easy. "Cherish your visions and your dreams as they are the children of your soul; the blue prints of your ultimate achievements." Napoleon Hill |
| "You are free to do whatever you like. You need only face the consequences." Sheldon Kopp We should pay our debts before we give money to the poor. Now is better than later. "Anyone can escape into sleep, we are all geniuses when we dream, the butcher's the poet's equal there." E.M. Cioran. The Temptation to Exist. | Where the press is free and every man able to read, all is safe. Thomas Jefferson We talk about our rights when we should be talking about our responsibilities. Patience is a virtue. "One of the most adventurous things left us is to go to bed. For no one can lay a hand on our dreams." E.V. Lucas 365 Days and One More |
| "A free press can, of course, be good or bad, but, most certainly, without freedom the press will never be anything but bad." Albert Camus We get the government we deserve. Machines make us slaves. "Dreams are renewable. No matter what our age or condition, there are still untapped possibilities within us and new beauty waiting to be born." Dale Turner | The man who reads nothing at all is better educated than the man who reads nothing but newspapers. Politics is perhaps the only profession for which no preparation is thought necessary. Robert Louis Stevenson Imagination is more precious than knowledge. Stronger than an army is a quotation whose time has come. W. Gates |
| Entertainment should be censored. Leadership is a lost art. Exceptions prove the rule. "Only the flexibly creative person can really manage the future. Only the one who can face novelty with confidence and without fear." Abraham Maslow | "Only the suppressed word is dangerous." Ludwig Brne Convince us to vote for you as president. A great potential is a heavy burden. "The only truly happy people are children and the creative minority." Jean Caldwell |
| Free thought is expensive. Modern technology is changing persons into personnel. Fame is the name of the game. "All prosperity begins in the mind and is dependent only on the full use of our creative imagination." Ruth Ross | The pen is mightier than the sword. Reward is more effective than punishment. It is better to win friends than influence people. "Dare to be wrong and to dream." Frederick Von Schiller |
| The Ukrainian citizen does not need the government to tell him or her what he or she should watch. Objection is when I say: this doesn't suit me. Resistance is when I make sure that what doesn't suit me never happens again Ulrike Meinhof It is no good fighting a battle you cannot win. "Don't dream it be it!" Frank-n-Furter (Rocky Horror Picture Show) | They can't censor the gleam in my eye. Charles Laughton Rules are made to be broken. It isn't what you do, it's the way you do it. "All successful people men and women are big dreamers. They imagine what their future could be, ideal in every respect, and then they work every day toward their distant vision, that goal or purpose." Brian Tracy |
| The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. Quality is being lost in equality. It is better to travel hopefully than to arrive. "The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability to function." -- F. Scott Fitzgerald | Against abusing dolphins Dont adopt a pet if you cant pet-sit. The most important thing in communication is hearing what isn't being said. Honesty is the best policy. |
| People demand freedom of speech as a compensation for the freedom of thought which they never use. Kierkegaard Peace marches are a waste of time. Is honesty always the best policy? Even if you do learn to speak correct English, whom are you going to speak it to? | Popular newspapers shield their readers from the wider world. People are the playthings of politicians. Humanity is its own worst enemy. Poetry is to hold judgment on your soul. Henrik Ibsen |
| The artist and the censor differ in this wise: that the first is a decent mind in an indecent body and that the second is an indecent mind in a decent body. George Jean Nathan Politicians are the same all over. They promise to build a bridge even when there is no river. Nikita Khrushchev If you try to please all, you please none. A poet who reads his own verse in public may have other nasty habits. Robert Heinlein | Censorship should be allowed on the simple basis that we need rules in our society in any field of our society. It is history that makes individuals rather than individuals who make history. Equal opportunity is no opportunity. "The creation of something new is not accomplished by the intellect but by the play instinct acting from inner necessity. The creative mind plays with the objects it loves." Carl Gustav Jung |
| We should be our own censors. We learn more from failure than from success. Money is the root of all evil. "All men whilst they are awake are in one common world: but each of them, when he is asleep, is in a world of his own." Plutarch | Does the freedom of speech and freedom of the press really exist? Everything comes to those who wait. "Questions are the creative acts of intelligence." Frank Kingdon |
| Supporting freedom of speech means you may have to hear and see what you do not like. Philosophers should rule in place of kings or parliaments. Idleness is the devil's workshop. Poetry is the language in which man explores his own amazement. Christopher Fry | The advertisement is the most truthful part of a newspaper. Thomas Jefferson Politicians are public property. If you could be rich or famous, which would you choose? There's no money in poetry, but there's no poetry in money, either. Robert Ranke Graves |
| Freedom of Speech or Freedom of Choice? Morality is the most effective basis on which to build political action. Familiarity breeds contempt. "Real life is, to most men, a long second-best, a perpetual compromise between the ideal and the possible; but the world of pure reason knows no compromise, no practical limitations, no barrier to the creative activity." Bertrand Russel | If we do not believe in freedom of speech for those we despise we do not believe in it at all. Noam Chomsky. One falsehood leads to another. Fear rules our lives. "Creative power is that receptive attitude of expectancy which makes a mould into which the plastic and as yet undifferentiated substance can flow and take the desired form." Thomas Troward |
| In censorship, it should be a matter of choice. Only responsibilities earn rights. Good fences make good neighbours. "Creativity is merely a plus name for regular activity... any activity becomes creative when the doer cares about dong it right, or better." John Hoyer Updike | In the long run of history, the censor and the inquisitor have always lost. Alfred Whitney Opposition is necessary to progress. Greediness leads to misfortune. "Any activity becomes creative when the doer cares about doing it right, or better." John Updike |
| Democracies Die Behind Closed Doors. Good followers make good leaders. All we need is love. "I'm always thinking about creating. My future starts when I wake up every morning. Every day I find something creative to do with my life." Miles Davis | "You can cage the singer but not the song." Harry Belafonte Followers, not leaders, are the problem A woman's work is never done. "Great indeed is the sublimity of the Creative, to which all beings owe their beginning and which permeates all heaven." I Ching |
| Censorship can never be justified. If you can't say something nice you shouldn't say anything at all. Do not count your chickens before they are hatched. "The creative individual has the capacity to free himself from the web of social pressures in which the rest of us are caught. He is capable of questioning the assumptions that the rest of us accept." John Gardner | Censorship is never over for those who have experienced it. It is better to light a candle than to curse the darkness. Duty rules us. "When in doubt, make a fool of yourself. There is a microscopically thin line between being brilliantly creative and acting like the most gigantic idiot on earth. So what the hell, leap." Cynthia Heimel |
| Assassination is the extreme form of censorship. George Bernard Shaw Government is too serious a matter to be left to politicians. Confusion is born in the conflict of voices. "Creative minds have always been known to survive any kind of bad training." Anna Freud | Censorship is an insult to the intelligence. If you want to test a man's character, give him power. Abraham Lincoln Do not let your hopes carry you away from reality. "Life is a continuous exercise in creative problem solving." Michael J. Gelb |
| "The right to speak out is also the duty to speak out." Vladimir Pozner Democracy is the art and science of running the circus from the monkey-cage. H.L.Menken A small gain is worth a large promise. "The Creative knows the great beginnings. The Receptive completes the finished things." I Ching | Freedom of speech should be an absolute right. Nuclear weapons are a crime against humanity. Fashion is tyranny. "The ability to relate and to connect, sometimes in odd and yet striking fashion, lies at the very heart of any creative use of the mind, no matter in what field or discipline." George J. Seidel |
| "Every burned book enlightens the world." Ralph Waldo Emerson Agnosticism is the refuge of cowards. One falsehood leads to another. "Nurture an appetite for being puzzled, for being confused, indeed for being openly stupid, and that despite what you may think is very difficult... We all know the cliche' that a little knowledge can be a dangerous thing. It is also true that a lot of knowledge can be a dangerous thing as well... use your ignorance as well as your knowledge for creative means." Lee C. Bollinger | Both free speech rights and property rights belong legally to individuals, but their real function is social, to benefit vast numbers of people who do not themselves exercise these rights. Thomas Sowell Governments should be of laws rather than of men. Do not believe everything you hear. "When Alexander the Great visited Diogenes and asked whether he could do anything for the famed teacher, Diogenes replied, 'Only stand out of my light.' Perhaps some day we shall know how to heighten creativity. Until then, one of the best things we can do for creative men and women is to stand out of their light." John Gardner |
| "If there had been a censorship in Rome, we should have had today neither Horace nor Juvenal, nor the philosophical writings of Cicero." Voltaire Can technology answer the problems of modern society? A friend to all is a friend to none. "The creative impulses of man are always at war with the possessive impulses." Van Wyck Brooks | For the average person freedom of speech is simply the freedom to repeat what everyone else is saying and no more. Gore Vidal Modern advertising creates unrealistic expectations. Explain which came first: the chicken or the egg. "A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others." Ayn Rand |
| Art made tongue-tied by authority. William Shakespeare Good statespeople make bad politicians. Animals are more civilized than people. "The mere formulation of a problem is far more essential than its solution, which may be merely a matter of mathematical or experimental skills. To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle requires creative imagination and marks real advances in science." Albert Einstein | "Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties." John Milton Bureaucracy is the enemy of the people. A fine coat is not always an indication of an attractive mind. "The writer who possesses the creative gift owns something of which he is not always master something that at time strangely wills and works for itself." Charlotte Bronte |
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References
Attending to Style. Dartmouth Writing Program. Trustees of Dartmouth College, 2013. Web. 15 April 2013.
Anderson Thad, and Ron Tajchman. Writing Guide: Informative Speaking. Writing@CSU. Colorado State University, 2 Nov. 2012. Web. 2 April 2013.
Brydon, Steven and Michael D. Scott. Between One and Many:The Art and Science of Public speaking. Mayfield: Mayfield publishing Company, 1994. Print.
Byrns, James. Speak for yourself: An Introduction to Public Speaking. 4th. ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1997. Print.
Dave's Guide to PowerPoint. Daves Guide to Speechwriting: Dave Gustafson, 2012. Web. 02 April 2013.
Gregory, Hamilton. Public speaking for College and Career. New York: Random House, 1987. Print.
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Hasling, John. The Audience. The Message. The Speaker. 8th.ed.Boston: McGraw Hill, 1997. Print.
Hauer, Nancy and Edward Martley. The Practical Speech handbook. Boston: Irwin Mirror Press, 1993. Print.
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Lucas, Stephen. The Art of Public Speaking. 5ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1995. Print.
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[1] The samples are taken from Mark Powell. PRESENTING IN ENGLISH: how to give successful presentations. Hove: Language Teaching Publications, 1997.
[2] FRED McFEELY ROGERS 2002 COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS AT DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/june02/rogers.shtml
[3] Rogets International Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases. http://www.bartleby.com/110/883.html
[4] Women Who Will: A Celebration of Wellesley College Alumnae and Their Life Paths. Transcript of Wellesley College 125th Anniversary Conference http://www.angelfire.com/empire/sungeun/hillary_speech1.html
[5] Turner G.W. Stylistics. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1977. P. 85-86.
[6] James Walker. The Cult Challenge of the 1990's http://www.watchman.org/cults/txchair.htm
[7] From John Sykes' Commencement Address at Berklee - May 13, 2000 http://www.berklee.edu/html/ab_jsykes.html
[8] Attending to Style. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~compose/student/ac_paper/style.html
[9] Information from Public Speaking: Strategies for Success by David Zarefsky. http://www.colin.edu/flynn/Speech/Self-Intro_Zarefsky.htm
[10] http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/toc.cfm
