Reference Book in Public Speaking
yiv 2013
The National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
Reference Book in Public Speaking
Compilers: Mazin D., Shvydka H., Riabokon H., Pavlenko L., Fedoriv Ya., Kytayeva S.
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aKMA 2013
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.. 6
Part One. Basics of Communication.. 8
Section 1. FIRST STEPS IN PUBLIC SPEAKING.. 8
Impromptu Speaking. 9
Your First One-Point Speech. 11
Practice Assignments. 13
Section 2. EFFECTIVE LISTENING.. 16
Good Listening Habits. 16
Poor Listening Habits. 17
Ten Keys to Effective Listening. 18
Practice Assignment 18
Section 3. DELIVERING SPEECHES. 19
Methods of Presentation. 19
Main Principles of Effective Delivery. 19
Fighting Nervousness. 21
Practice Assignments. 22
Section 4. EVALUATING SPEECHES. 24
Constructive Criticism.. 24
Evaluation forms. 24
Practice Assignments. 27
Section 5. SUPPORTING A SPEECH.. 28
Major Forms of Supporting Materials. 28
Deciding What Supporting Material You Should Use. 30
Practice Assignments. 30
Section 6. DEVELOPING AND USING VISUAL AIDS. 32
Types of Visual Aids. 32
Preparation of Visual Aids. 32
Effective Use of Visual Aids. 34
Practice Assignments. 36
Section 7. USING POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS. 39
REVISION QUESTIONS. 42
Part Two. Speaking to Inform... 43
Section I. Functions of Informative Speeches. 43
Creating a Desire for Information. 43
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Helping the Audience to Understand. 44
Helping the Audience to Remember. 45
Inviting the Audience to Apply Information. 46
Section 2. SITUATIONS FOR INFORMATIVE SPEAKING.. 47
Informative Speeches in Education. 47
Informative Speaking in Business Environment 48
Informative Speeches in Training Programs. 49
Section 3. RHETORICAL PRINCIPLES OF INFORMATIVE SPEAKING.. 49
Show the audience the relationship between yourself and the topic. 49
Relate the topic to the audience early in the speech. 50
Don't overestimate what the audience knows. 51
Don't be too technical 53
Try to avoid abstractions. 54
Section 4. TYPES OF INFORMATIVE SPEECHES. 55
Speeches about Objects. 56
Speeches about Processes. 57
Speeches about Concepts. 57
Speeches about Events. 59
Section 5. DESIGNING THE SPEECH.. 60
Chronological Design. 60
Topical Design. 61
Causal Design. 61
Spatial Design. 62
Practice Assignments. 62
Section 6. MAKING EFFECTIVE INTRODUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS. 62
Opening the Speech. 62
Attention Materials. 63
Establishing Credibility. 68
Concluding the Speech. 72
Using Transitions. 75
Practice Assignments. 76
Section 7. Outlining Informative Speeches. 78
A Model for Preparing an Informative Speech Outline. 79
Practice Assignments. 88
REVISION QUESTIONS. 102
Part Three. SPEAKING TO PERSUADE.. 103
Section 1. WHAT IS PERSUASIVE SPEAKING.. 103
Purposes of Persuasive Speeches. 103
Persuasive vs. Informative Speaking. 103
Section 2. PERSUASION AND MANIPULATION.. 104
Unacceptable emotional appeals. 104
Acceptable emotional appeals. 105
Section 3. CHOOSING THE TOPIC.. 106
Finding a Good Persuasive Topic. 106
Tired Topics. 108
Great Persuasive Speech Topics. 109
Section 4. ADAPTING THE SPEECH TO THE AUDIENCE.. 110
Values and Needs of the Audience. 111
Types of the Audience. 112
Section 5. FINDING SUPPORTING MATERIALS. 114
Section 6. PATTERNS OF PERSUASIVE SPEECHES. 115
Statement-of-Reasons Pattern. 115
Problem-Solution Patterns. 118
Problem-Cause-Solution Order. 119
Refutation Pattern. 122
Monroes Motivated Sequence. 124
Proposition of policy speech (to change the status quo/to maintain the status quo) 127
Proposition of value speech. 128
Proposition of fact speech. 128
Section 7. TECHNIQUES IN PERSUASIVE SPEAKING.. 135
Focusing. 135
Rhetorical questions. 135
Dramatic contrasts. 136
Knock-downs. 136
Practice Assignments. 137
Revision Questions. 144
Grammar Guide.. 145
Section 1. PRELIMINARY NOTES. 145
Section 2. GETTING STARTED.. 147
Grammar Focus: Parts of Speech. 147
Practice Assignments. 148
Section 3. ADDRESSING THE AUDIENCE.. 150
Grammar Focus: Noun Review.. 151
The Article. 154
Practice Assignments. 155
Section 4. INTRODUCTIONS. 156
Grammar Focus: The Sentence. 157
Practice Assignments. 159
Section 5. IMPROMPTU SPEECH.. 159
Grammar Focus: Pronoun. 160
Practice Assignments. 161
Section 6. OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH.. 162
Grammar Focus: The Verb. 163
Practice Assignment 167
Section 7. EFFECTIVE OPENINGS. 167
Grammar Focus: Agreement of the Subject with the Predicate. 168
Practice Assignments. 170
Section 8. COMMENTING ON VISUALS. 171
Grammar Focus: Complex Object with the Infinitive. 172
Practice Assignments. 173
Glossary Of Terms. 175
Speech Topics. 178
References. 184
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Introduction
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Part One.
Basics of Communication