| gate - ворота; проход settlement - поселение annex - аннексировать; присоединять originally - первоначально khanate - ханство tsar - царь construct - строить fortress - крепость site - место; местоположение; площадь (для строительства) Tatar - татарин; татарский found - основывать support - поддерживать; поддержка eastward - на восток, в восточном направлении; восточное направление important - важный develop - развивать trade - торговля; ремесло, занятие leather - кожа (выделанная); кожаная вещь; кожаный goods - товары blacksmith - кузнец craftsman - мастер, ремесленник; умелец continue - продолжать prosperity - преуспевание, процветание prosperous - процветающий; успешный easternmost - самый восточный railhead зд. ж/д станция transshipment - перегрузка, перевалка (грузов) cargo - груз ply - зд. курсировать; совершать рейс; мор. маневрировать enterprise - (промышленное) предприятие treat - зд. лечить culminate - достигнуть высшей точки extensive - обширный discovery - открытие | cause - причина; послужить причиной boom - бум, резкий подъем; быстро расти advantage - преимущество numerous - многочисленный contribute - делать вклад; способствовать plant - зд. завод research - (научное) исследование, изучение; исследовать design - проект; проектировать deposit - месторождение provide - предоставлять; обеспечивать due to - благодаря (чему-л.) considerably - значительно multinational - многонациональный square - квадрат; площадь (в городе); квадратный decorate - украшать ancient - древний magnificent - великолепный, величественный; прекрасный unique - уникальный masterpiece - шедевр permanent - постоянный exhibition - выставка attract - привлекать contemporary - современный swimming pool - бассейн monument - памятник medieval - средневековый church - церковь be situated - находиться wooden - деревянный birthplace - место рождения, родина chemist - химик composer - композитор Cossack ataman - казачий атаман steam boat - пароход water main - водопровод railway junction - железнодорожный узел |
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TYUMEN CITY
1. Tyumen is the largest city and the administrative center of Tyumen Region. Tyumen – "the mother of Siberian towns", "the gate to Siberia" –was the first Russian settlement in Siberia. Its history goes back to 1585 when the Cossack ataman Yermak annexed the Tyumen area, originally part of the Siberia Khanate, to the Tsardom of Russia. On 29 July 1586, Tsar Feodor I ordered to construct a fortress on the site of the former Siberian Tatar town of Chingi-Tura ("city of Chingis"), also known as Tyumen. Founded in 1586 to support Russia's eastward expansion, the city has remained one of the most important industrial and economic centers east of the Ural Mountains. Located at the junction of several important trade routes and with easy access to navigable waterways, Tyumen rapidly developed from a small military settlement to a large commercial and industrial city.
2. By the beginning of the 18th century Tyumen had developed into an important center of trade between Siberia and China in the east and Central Russia in the west. Tyumen had also become an important industrial center, known for leather -goods makers, blacksmiths, and other craftsmen.
3. In the 19th century the town's development continued. In 1836, the first steam boat in Siberia was built in Tyumen. In 1862, the telegraph came to the town, and in 1864 the first water mains were laid. Further prosperity came to Tyumen after the construction, in 1885, of the Trans-Siberian Railway. For some years, Tyumen was Russia's easternmost railhead, and the site of transshipment of cargoes between the railway and the cargo boats plying the Tura, Tobol, Irtysh, and Ob Rivers.
4. World War II saw rapid growth and development in the city. In the winter of 1941, twenty-two major industrial enterprises evacuated to Tyumen from the European part of the Soviet Union. Additionally, war-time Tyumen became a "hospital city", where thousands of wounded soldiers were treated.
5. The growth of Tyumen culminated on 14 August 1944 when the city finally became the administrative center of the extensive Tyumen Region.
6. After the discovery of rich oil- and gas-fields in Tyumen Region in the 1960s, Tyumen became the focus of the Soviet oil industry. The activities of the oil industry caused another economic and population boom in Tyumen. While most of the oil and gas fields lay hundreds of kilometers to the north of the city, near the towns of Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk, Tyumen was the nearest railway junction as well as the region administrative center. These advantages made Tyumen the natural site for numerous oil-related enterprises which contributed to the city's development between 1963 and 1985. These years saw the arrival in Tyumen of tens of thousands of skilled workers from across the Soviet Union.
7. Nowadays Tyumen is a cultural, industrial, scientific and educational centre of Western Siberia with a highly developed and quite a diversified Industry. Its plants are well-known in Russia and abroad. Tyumen has several universities, different colleges, a great number of secondary schools, lyceums and gymnasia.
8. There are more than 40 research and design institutes mostly working on problems connected with the development of the gas and oil deposits. A lot of scientific workers provide the theoretical basis for prospecting work. Due to their work 192 deposits had been discovered of which Samatlor (oil) and Urengoy (gas) are the largest in the world.
9. Since the discovery of oil and gas deposits Tyumen has grown considerably. Now it covers an area of 235 square kilometres, and the multinational population of Tyumen is about 700,000 people. Many beautiful parks, squares and historical memorials decorate the improving image of the ancient town.
10. There are many museums, libraries, five magnificent Houses of Culture, the Puppet and Drama theatres, the Concert Hall in Tyumen. It has a unique collection of masterpieces in its Picture gallery. Many permanent exhibitions of Siberian national arts and skills attract tourists' attention. The Tyumen Circus is the most contemporary in Siberia and one of the best in the whole of Russia. Tyumenians like sport very much. There are several stadiums, many gyms, swimming pools, the Sport Palace in Tyumen.
11. Tyumen is famous for its places of interest. They are: numerous monuments, architectural ensembles, historical places, medieval churches. Most of them are situated in the old part of the town. Znamenskaya Church, built in 1800, the Trinitry Monastery, the first stone building in the town, Peter and Paul's Church, Blagoveschenskaya Church, made by Fyodor Tchaika and Kirill Shadrin are very attractive. A lot of wooden houses, bearing the Siberian architecture traditions, decorate our town. In the building of the Polish Roman Catholic Church the lovers of music may listen to the magnificent sounds of the organ.
12. Tyumenians like their town. They are proud of its history and its people. Tyumen region is a birthplace of Mendeleyev, a great Russian chemist, Alyabjev, a composer, and Ershov, a fairy-tale teller. Thousands of people work hard to make their region prosperous.
