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English as a world language and an International aviation language.. 3
FROM THE HISTORY OF AVIATION.. 7
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATIONS.. 11
Aeronautical Information Services (AIS) 15
Weather.. 18
airport.. 23
AIRCRAFT.. 26
Safety.. 30
Air traffic Control.. 33
Human factors in aviation.. 37
English as a world language and an International aviation language
English has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside England, almost in all the continents of the world. This exporting of English began in the XVII-th century, with the first settlements in North America. Above all, the great growth of population in the United States together with massive immigration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has given the English language its present standing in the world. Besides, basic characteristics of English also contribute to the situation that nowadays it is the most spread language on Earth. These characteristics are: simplicity of forms (very few endings); flexibility (the same word can operate as some different parts of speech); openness of vocabulary (English words are frequently admitted by other languages). At present English is the language of business, technology, sport and aviation.
There are four working languages in ICAO English, French, Spanish and Russian. But all meetings, conferences and assemblies are conducted in English and then all materials are translated into other languages. For this purpose ICAO has a special Language and Publications Branch with four sections.
The most urgent problem in aviation is safety. The progress in safety is achieved by intensive efforts in various spheres engineering sciences, meteorology, psychology, medicine, economics and last but not least the English language. Insufficient English language proficiency often results in accidents and incidents. For example, the worst disaster in aviation history occurred in 1977 when two Boeings 747 collided at Tenerife, Canary Islands. The crew of Pan American 747 missed or misunderstood taxi instructions requiring a turn off the active runway. At the same time KLM 747 initiated a shrouded take off on the opposite direction. The two aircraft met on the active runway, with heavy loss of lives.
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Between 1976-2000 more than 1100 passengers and crews lost their lives in accidents in which language played a contributory role.
Concern over the role of language in airline accidents brought real actions. So in March 2003 ICAO adopted Amendments to ICAO Annexes 1, 6, 10 and 11. These Amendments make clear and extend language requirements. In addition, they contain new more strict requirements for language testing.
Additional standards in Annex 10 demand to adhere (=follow) more closely to standard phraseology in all air-ground exchanges and to use plain language when phraseology is not sufficient. Phraseology alone is unable to cover all of the potential situations, particularly (especially) in critical or emergency situations. Therefore the PELA (Proficiency in English Language) test examines use of both ATC phraseology and plain English.
Exercises
I. :
1. When did the exporting of English begin?
2. In what spheres of life is English most widely used?
3. How many working languages are there in ICAO?
4. In what language are meetings, conferences and assemblies conducted in ICAO?
5. How is the progress in safety achieved?
6. Could you explain why English language is so important in solving safety problem?
7. What are ICAO real actions for improving English language proficiency?
8. Will you describe the Amendments to ICAO Annexes adopted in 2003?
9. What do additional standards demand?
10. Can phraseology alone cover all of the potential situation in the air?
11. What are the PELA test requirements now?
II. , :
establish establishment
special specially specialist speciality specialize specialization
urgent urgency
safe unsafe safely safety
achieve achievement achievable
vary various variously variety variant variable variability
sufficient sufficiently sufficiency
collide collision
critical uncritical critically criticize criticism
require requirement unrequired
oppose opposite opposition oppositionist
add addition additional additionally
act active actively activate activity action
heavy heavily heaviness
contribute contributory contribution
lose loser loss
strict strictly strictness
cover coverage discover discovery
real really realist realistic realism reality
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