. :
1. , articulatio simplex, - , .
2. , articulatio composita, 3 , , .
3. , articulatio complexa, - , , , -.
4. , articulatio combinata , , , - , .
, , , , , , ().
, . 1) , flexio, , extensio. 2) , abductio, , adductio. 3) , rotatio; , supinatio, , pronatio. , circumductio, - , . , . . , 3 ( ), ( ) ( ). . . , 2 : , . . - .
, articulations combinatae; - 2 , ( ), . , , - - .
, art. trochoidea | , rotatio | - , art. Radio-ulnaris proximalis, distalis; - , art. atlantoaxialis mediana | |
, ginglymus | , flexio, , extensio | , art. interphalangeae |
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, art. condylaris | , | , flexio, , extension, , abduction, , adductio | - , art. atlantooccipitalis |
, art. sellaris | , | , flexio, , extension, , abduction, , adductio | - , art. Carpometacarpea pollicis |
, art. ellipsoidea | , | , flexio, , extension, , abduction, , adductio | , art. radio-carpea |
()
, art. spheroidea | , , | , flexio, , extension, , abduction, , adductio | , art. humeri |
, art. plana | , , | , flexio, , extension, , abduction, , adductio | , art. zygapophysialis |
, art. cotylica | , , | , flexio, , extension, , abduction, , adductio | , art. coxae |
:
1. , discus intervertebralis, , annulus fibrosus, , nucleus pulposus. , .
2. , lig.longitudinale anterius et posterius, - .
ligg.flava.
, articulations intervertebrales.
, ligg.intertransversaria.
, ligg.interspinalia, , lig.supraspinale. , lig.nuchae. , articulation sacrococcygea.
, art.atlanto-occipitalis.
. , , .
: 1. membrane atlanto-occipitalis anterior. 2. membrane atlanto-occipitalis posterior.
2 : ( ) ( ).
, art.atlantoaxialis mediana.
II , I , lig. transversum atlantis. , , .
.
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, art. atlantoaxialis lateralis.
, I II . , .
, : 1. , lig.apicis dentis. . ligg.alaria. . 2. . lig. cruciform atlantis. 3. , membran tectoria, - .
S- . :
.
.
.
.
. 3- : 1. . 2. , ( ). 3. .
, , 2 : - .
1. . art.capitis costae
2- () ( I, XI XII ). , - ( ).
, : ) II-X ,
lig.capitis costae radiatum, . ) , lig. capitis costae intraarticulare. ( II-X ). I, XI XII , .
2. - , art.costotransversaria.
. XI XII - . , , .
, : - , lig. costotransversarium.
2- : - , . ( ) ( ), .