.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


( b ) .




 

, .

( , ).

-

.

4.3.3 .

, : + ()2 = 1,0, , , ( 2 ..2.5).

2, : 2 = 1,9⋆ = b⋆ [ 2 ], (2.3), .63, : (. );

, . = + ; [ 2 ], (2.8), .65 ; [ 2 ], .65, R ; b .

, .

= , .

= .

: σ. =

= .

4.3.4 : + ()2 = 1,0, : σ . = = + = ; .

= .

4.3.5 (. ), h = , .

h = 1. , = (. ).

- EXCEL.

5. . 9.

1,2 - : -4,01; -3.150.0,1; -7. 3 - ( ). , :

- ;

- .

.

.

5.1.1 .= 1,25, :

:qσ = 38 1,25= 47,5 /. (); qτ = 21 1,25 = 26,25/.().

5.1.2 -4,01 200 :

00 ( ) = 90 /2;

00 = 12000 /2;

00 ( ) = 90 /2;

= 8,0 /2;

= 29,0 /2;

m0,90 = 0,265 ( );

() d1 = 0,125.

γ=1,5 /3.

5.1.3. 00 ( ) qσ, 0 qτ. , qσ qτ, , .

5.1.4 () (n0) 00 qσ:

- = = = 0,53.; n0 = = = 4,22. , 2 , n0 = 6 . ( d1 . ). . n0 = 6 , 3 , 3- .

5.1.5 () (n45) 0 qτ : - = = = 0,91. 0 : n45 = = = 7,24. , 2 , n45 = 8 . ( 4- . n45 = 8 , 4 , 4- .

5.1.6 , , :

- ( );

- + 450 450;

- ( ) ( ).

: +450, 00, -450, 00, +450, 00, -450, , - 450, 00, +450, 00, -450, 00, +450.

, , 6.1.6. .5.1.7.

5.1.7 . : n0 + n45 = 6 + 8 = 14, = 14 0,125 = 1,75 .

5.1.8 . :

= = = 27,14 /2; = = = 15,0 /2;

5.1.9 , .

00 ( qσ) = + 0,25 = + 0,25 = 0,43 + 0,14 = 0,57. = 0,57 90 = 51,3 /2, = 0,57 12000 = 6840 /2. 51,3 /2;

5.1.10 0 ( qτ) + 8 + /2.

5.1.11 : ( ) X ( ) ( ) , -:

- + +

: , .

:

+ 1. :

+ = + = 0,28 + 0,56 = 0,84, , 1,0. = = 1,19.

, 1,0 1,0. (, 0,95 1,05). , .5.1.6.

5.1.12 :

1. : +450, 00, -450, 00, +450, 00, -450, , - 450, 00, +450, 00, -450, 00, +450, 00- qσ. 2- = 1,75, 0,875 .





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