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Отличие герундия от отглагольного существительного




От Simple Gerund Active следует отличать отглагольное

существительное, которое также оканчивается на-ing. В от­личие от герундия, отглагольное существительное обладает только свойствами существительного и употребляется с ар­тиклем, может иметь форму множественного числа и может определяться прилагательным:

Не took part in the sittings Он принимал участие в заседаниях

of the committee комитета

I was awakened by their loud Я был разбужен их громким

talking. разговором

Не обладая глагольными свойствами, отглагольное суще­ствительное, в отличие от герундия, не имеет форм времени и не выражает залога. В отличие от герундия, после отгла­гольных существительных не может стоять прямое допол­нение:

They started the loading Они приступили к погрузке судна

of the ship

Учащиеся часто ошибочно употребляют после герундия от переходных глаголов вместо прямого дополнения, т.е. вме­сто существительного без предлога, существительное с предлогом of. Следует иметь в виду, что герундий является формой глагола и потому требует такого же дополнения, как и глагол в личной форме:

They loaded the ship.

They started loading the ship (а не: loading of the ship)., I read English books.

I like reading English books (а не: reading of Englisl books).

 

UNIT 7 GRAMMAR: INFINITIVE

Infinitive as Subject

a) We can use the to-infinitive as a subject (eg To know how to drive is useful) but this is unusual. When we use the to-infinitive as a subject, it is more usual to begin the sentence with it (as a "preparatory subject").

It is useful to know how to drive.

It isn't expensive to play tennis in England.

b) The infinitive is the complement of subject + BE

Your mistake was to send him that letter.

Verb + infinitive

Salesman: As you see, when we try to clean even the dirtiest part of your carpet there is no problem for this vacuum-cleaner.

Customer: But how easily can I learn to operate this machine? It seems to be extremely complicated to me.

Salesman: If you want to know how to get the best out of your new Dirt-Up vacuum cleaner you should read this brochure. It tells you everything you need to know.

If these verbs are followed by another verb, the structure is usually verb + to-infinitive:

1. afford I can't afford to buy it.

2. agree They agreed to help us.

3. appear She appears to be tired.

4. arrange I'll arrange to meet you at the airport.

5. decide I have decided to leave on Monday.

6. expect I expect to be back on Sunday.

7. fail She failed to return the book to the library on

time.

8. forget I forgot to mail the letter.

9. happen I happened to be passing his house at that time.

10. hope Jack hopes to arrive next week.

11. intend He intended to meet me at the station.

12. learn He learned to play the piano.

13. manage She managed to finish her work early.

14. mean I didn't mean to hurt your feelings.

15. need I need to have your opinion.

16. offer They offered to help us.

17. plan I am planning to have a party.

18. prepare We prepared to welcome them.

19. pretend He pretends not to understand.

20. promise I promise not to be late.

21. prove He proved to be a good doctor.

22. refuse I refuse to believe his story.

23. seem The dog seems to be friendly.

24. threaten They threatened to tell my parents.

25. want I want to tell you something.

26. wish She wishes to come with us.

There is a continuous infinitive (to be doing) and a perfect infinitive (to have done). We use these especially after seem, appear, happen and pretend:

I pretended to be reading. (= I pretended that I was reading.) You seem to have lost weight. (= It seems that you have lost weight.)

She appeared to have been cleaning the house since the morning. (= It appeared that she had been cleaning the house since the morning.)

After the following verbs you can use a question word (what/ where/how etc.) + to-infinitive:

ask decide know remember forget explain understand

I don't know what to say.

We asked how to get to the station.

Have you decided where to go for your holidays?

I'll explain what to do later on.

I don't know whether to go to the party or not.

We often use this structure with an object + question word + to-infinitive.

I'll show you how to play chess. Somebody told me where to buy a ticket.

Alec: I don't know where to go and what to do.

George: Why don't you go to the cinema? There are a couple

of good films on at the moment. Alec: That's another problem. I don't know which to see.

I don't know whether to choose "Star Wars" or "Love

Story".

Verb + object + infinitive

I. These verbs normally take the structure verb + object + to-infi­nitive:

1. advise She advised me to wait until tomorrow.

2. allow She allowed me to use her car.

3. ask I asked John to help us.

4. beg They begged us to come.

5. convince I couldn't convince him to accept our

offer.

6. expect I expect you to be on time.

7. forbid I forbid you to tell him.

8. force They forced him to tell the truth.

9. get (= persuade) She got her son to do his homework.

10. hire She hired a boy to mow the lawn.

11. instruct He instructed them to be careful.

12. invite Harry invited the Johnsons to come to

his party.

13. order The judge ordered me to pay a fine.

14. permit He permitted the children to stay up

late.

15. persuade I persuaded him to come for a visit.

16. remind She reminded me to lock the door.

17. teach My brother taught me to swim.

18. tell The doctor told me to take these pills.

19. urge I urged her to apply for the j ob.

20. want I want you to be happy.

21. warn I warned you not to drive so fast.

Note: After help you can use the infinitive with to or without to: Can somebody help me (to) move this table?

2. Make (= force), have (= ask) and let (= allow) These verbs

have the structure verb + infinitive without to:

I only did it because they made me do it.(= forced me to do it)

Hot weather makes me feel uncomfortable. (= causes me

to feel)

Jane had the waiter bring her some tea. (= asked)

I had the plumber repair the leak. (= asked)

They let their children stay up late at weekends. (= allow)

Will you let me use your camera? (= allow)

Compare the use of causative verbs make, have, get:

a) I made my brother carry my suitcase. (= forced)

b) I had my brother carry my suitcase. (= asked)

c) I got my brother to carry my suitcase. (= persuaded)

Note: After the passive verb the infinitive is always with to: Everyone was made to take the exam.

We do not use the verb letin the passive. We use allow instead. Mr Jones was allowed to leave early.





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