a) How to give advice:
Why don't you
I think
you should you'd better you ought to
go to the seaside.
b) How to accept a piece of advice:
that sounds a good idea Yes, I'll do that.
I'll certainly try that.
Thank you. All right.
Yes, certainly. Very well.
/. Listen to the dialogues and learn them:
1. I've lost my passport.
You ought to report it to the police immediately.
2. The last train goes in five minutes. I think you'd better hurry
up.
I'll do that.
3. I've got an awful toothache.
You'd better go and see the dentist.
4. I'm taking my exams soon.
You must work hard to pass them.
5. I often oversleep in the morning.
Why don't you buy an alarm clock?
I'll certainly do that.
6. Steve, you are too fat. You really should watch your weight.
You shouldn't drink so much beer.
I know I shouldn't, but I like it.
Well, then, you should get more exercise.
Yes, I know, but I never have time.
7. Your car has a bad engine. Why don't you buy a new car?
I'll certainly do that.
8. I feel seasick.
Perhaps you'd better go straight down to the cabin and lie down. You are not a very good sailor.
That's right.
9. I'm afraid I'm getting overweight.
Why don't you go in for sports? It will do you good.
That sounds a good idea. Thank you.
10. Your eyes are infected. You ought to consult a specialist.
I'll do that.
11. I'm having my holidays in a week.
Why don't you go to the seaside?
I'll certainly try that.
12. I have so many things to do tomorrow and I have an
appointment for 5 o'clock.
I think you'd better cancel the appointment.
All right.
13. I'm going to stay at the Ramada Hotel.
You'd better book accomodation well in advance.
//. Respond to the statements giving advice. Use:
a) You'd better...
e.g. I have a terrible headache, (take an aspirin) You'd better take an aspirin.
1. I haven't enough literature for my report, (go to the library) 2. Our seats are far from the stage, (take opera-glasses) 3. I think
I've lost my way. (ask a policeman) 4. I'm going to fly there, (go by train) 5. It is very cold today, (stay at home) 6. I'm going to send her a letter, (a telegram)
b) You should...
e.g. There's something wrong with my TV set. (take it to the
repair shop)
You should take it to the repair shop. 1. The suit fits you perfectly, (buy) 2. The book is very interesting, (read) 3. The film is exciting, (see) 4. I don't know how to lose weight, (eat less) 5. I'm afraid I might be late, (take a taxi) 6. This dictionary is very good, (buy)
c) You ought to...
e.g. She is so busy now. (help) You ought to help her.
1. The doctor advised me to rest in the country, (follow his advice) 2. The traffic is heavy here, (cross the street carefully) 3. She looks tired. (she, have a rest) 4. I doubt the results of the experiment, (check them again) 5. I don't know how to get there, (find out at the inquiry office) 6. He is your uncle, (invite)
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d) Why don't you...
e.g. I can't repair my car. (ask James to do it)
Why don't you ask James to do it?
1. I don't like my present job. (change) 2. I'm in love with Monica, (marry her) 3. My car has been stolen, (report it to the police) 4. This dress looks smart, (buy) 5. There's an interesting exhibition at the Palace of Sports, (go) 6. Fishing is exciting, (try)
///. Advise your friend to (not to):
work harder; worry less; go to bed so late; spend so much money; take things easy; go in for sports; give up smoking; see the football match; consult the doctor; have a rest; get more exercise; buy a car
Your friend will accept your advice.
IV. Translate into English (self check):
1. .
.
, .
2. .
.
.
3. . .
?
. .
4. .
.
. .
5. .
.
.
6. .
.
.
7. .
?
. , .
8. .
, .
9. ?
.
10. . .
.
V. Listen to the conversations, read and learn them: 1. Tom: What's the matter, Jenny? You look worried. Jenny: Yes... I'm trying to lose weight. Tom: Oh, you don't need to lose weight. Jenny: Oh, I do! I've just bought some new jeans and I
can't get them on. They are too tight. Tom: Well, you should go on a diet. Jenny: I know, but what kind of diet? Tom: You should eat lots of salad and fruit. Jenny: Yes, but I don't like salad... I prefer meat. Tom: Well, you can eat meat, but you shouldn't eat too much
You shouldn't eat bread or potatoes, either. Jenny: What about alcohol? Can I drink wine? Tom: Oh, no, you should never drink alcohol.
2. Wendy: Hello, Charles... you look tired today. Charles: Yes, I'm working too hard.
Wendy: You should take a holiday.
Charles: Yes, I know I should... but we're just too busy. I'm
working twelve hours a day.
Wendy: Twelve hours! You're going to kill yourself! Charles: Well, what can I do? Wendy: Perhaps you should change your job. Charles: I can't... I need the money!
3. Max: What's the matter, Peter? You don't look very happy. Peter: I'm not. I'm worried about my English.
Max: What's the problem?
Peter: I'm not practising enough.
Max: Why not?
Peter: Well, it's difficult to meet English people.
Max: You should go out more.
Peter: Where should I go?
Max: You should go to pubs, you should join a club.
Peter: But English people never speak to me.
Max: Ah! You should speak first.
Peter: What can I talk about?
Max: The weather! English people are always interested in
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the weather! 4. David: You look rather tired this morning, Father. What's the
matter? Aren't you feeling well? Father: Not very well, I'm tired. I slept badly last night. I've
been suffering from insomnia lalely.
David: I'm very sorry, Father. You ought to go and see a doctor. Father: I consulted the doctor two weeks ago and he prescribed
me some tablets. But they don't seem to do me any good. David: I think you should go in for sports. Why don't you try
jogging? It's so popular these days. Father: That sounds a good idea. I've thought about it myself.
I hope it works.
VI. Act out the following situations:
1. Your friend wants to lose weight. Tell him/her what he/she should do.
2. Someone wants to learn your language. Tell him/her what he/she should do.
3. A friend of yours asks you for advice. /she doesn't like his/her job; is short of money; doesn't like the place where he/she lives. Advise your friend.
VII. Read the conversation and say what Harry should or shouldn't do according to Steve:
Harry: I don't feel very well.
Steve: Well, I'm not surprised. You don't get enough sleep.
You always go to bed late. And you are working too hard. Harry: Yes, you're right. I'm always tired these days. I think I
need a holiday.
Steve: Yes, that's probably a good idea. And you also smoke too
much!
Harry: Yes, that's true. Steve: You don't get enough fresh air. You stay indoors all the
time 275
relative clauses
Illustrative Situations
/. Study these example situations:
1. That (or which), subject, for things:
This is the plane that took me to Switzerland
These are two of the steamers that take people round the lake.
2. That (or which), subject, for animals: This is the dog that bit him.
This is the kitten that was found yesterday
3. Who (or that), subject, for persons: That's the man who loves Jane.
A man who drives a car when he is tired may be a dangerous driver. Accidents sometimes happen to people who are usually careful.
4. That (or which), object, for things or animals:
Here are some of the things (that) you may hear in a London
bus.
These are the books (that) I borrowed from Mr Brown.
5. That (or whom), object, for persons:
The man (that, whom) you saw in my office was Mr Green Is she the woman (that, whom) we met yesterday?
6. That (or which), prepositional object, for things: This is the hotel (that) I stayed in.
This is the hotel in which I stayed. That's the hut (that) we slept in.
7. That (or whom), prepositional object, for persons:
The man (that) 1 lent my dictionary to hasn't brought it back. The man to whom I lent rny dictionary hasn't brought it back. Who was the woman (that) you were talking to when I saw you yesterday?
Who was the woman to whom you were talking when I saw you yesterday?
8. Whose, possessive, for persons:
Those are the people whose house I stayed at.
That is the man whose daughter John is going to marry.
// Listen to the conversations and learn them.
At a Party Steve: Look, that's the man who knows Jeff well. His
name's Carver.
Jill: And who is the woman who is talking to Mary?
Steve: 1 think she's the woman who works in Mary's
office. careful, Jill. Don't sit on that chair. It's the one that's wet. I spilt beer on it! I'm going to have some of that food now.
jiU- Don't eat too much. Those are all things which
will make you fat. Steve: But I like food that makes me fat.
At a Bookshop
Customer: I bought two expensive dictionaries here half an
hour ago, but I forgot to take them with me. Manager: Who served you, sir?
Customer: The lady who is standing behind the counter. Manager: Did you serve this gentleman half an hour ago,
Miss Roberts? He says he's the man who bought
these books. Miss Roberts: I can't remember, sir. The man whom I served was
wearing a hat.
Manager: Have you got a hat, sir? Customer: Yes, I have. Manager: Would you put it on, please? Customer: All right.
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Manager: Is this the man that you served. Miss Roberts? Miss Roberts: Yes, sir. I recognize him now.
Back from Australia
Bill: Look, Bob. This is a photograph I took during my trip to Australia.
Bob: Let me see it, Bill.
This is a good photograph. Who are these people?
Bill: They're'people I met during the trip. That's the ship we travelled on.
Bob: What a beautiful ship! Who is this?
Bill: That's the man I told you about. Remember?
Bob: Ah yes. The one who offered you a job in Australia.
Bill: That's right.
Bob: Who's this?
Bill: Guess!
Bob: It's not you, is it?
Bill: That's right. I grew a beard during the trip but I shaved it off when I came home.
Bob: Why did you shave it off?
Bill: My wife didn't like it!
Practice
/. Join the sentences. Use "who", "whom" or "which": e.g. She is the girl. She met me yesterday.
She is the girl who met me yesterday. e.g. She is the girl I met her yesterday.
She is the girl whom 1 met yesterday. e.g. This is the book. I bought it yesterday. This is the book which I bought yesterday.
1. This is the car. The mechanic repaired it yesterday. 2. He's the man. I invited him to the party. S.These are the things. I boughi them yesterday. 4. He's the man. He came here last week. 5. He is the policeman. He caught the thieves. 6. She is the nurse. She looked after me. 7. I'm the person. I wrote to you. 8. They are the people. I saw them yesterday. 9. They are the trees. We cut them down yesterday.
//. Join the sentences. Use "that":
e.g. That's the doctor. He gave me the tablets.
That's the doctor that gave me the tablets, e.g. That's the car. It won the race.
That's the car that won the race.
1. That's the man. He stole my car. 2. That's the football club. It won every game last year. 3. That's the school. It has the best reputation. 4. That's the factory. It makes good cameras. 5. That's the shop. It sells foreign books. 6. That is the girl. She told me about you. 7. That's the teacher. He is going to give the lesson. 8. That is the word. It sounds unnatural.
///. Join these sentences together:
e.g. She is the girl. I met her yesterday.
She is the girl I met yesterday, e.g. This is the book. I bought it yesterday.
This is the book I bought yesterday, e.g. This is the ship. I travelled on it.
This is the ship I travelled on.
1. She is the woman. I drove her to London. 2. That's the film. I saw it. 3. That's the man. I spoke to him. 4. They are the thieves. The police caught them. 5. These are the letters. I typed them. 6. These are the people. You asked me about them. 7. These are the shoes. The boy took them off. 8. This is the man. I served him. 9. That's the house. He's going to buy it. 10. That is the girl. I danced with her. 11. That's the book. She's been reading it. 12. That is the man. I love him. 13. That's the plane. I flew in ft. 14. There's the house. We used to live in it. 15. There's the bridge. We crossed it. 16. This is the man. I want to see him. 17. This is
the girl. 1 want to marry her.->18v-This is the word. I don't know it. 19. That's the thing. I don't understand it. 20. That's the school. I study at it.
IV, Make progressive substitutions:
e.g. That's the man that makes chocolate. who= That's the man who makes chocolate.
10. the shop that
11. the man that
12. who
13. gives money away
14. the organisation that
15. helps old people
1. sells chocolate
2. the shop that
3. buys old books
4. the student that
5. who
6. the teacher who
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7. has a good reputation
8. the firm that
9. repairs radios
V. Answer the questions:
e.g. There is Judy. She works in the newsagent's. There is Ruth. She works in an office. Which girl is Judy? She is the girl who works in the newsagent's.
1. There is my car. It is outside the garage. There is Bob's car. It is outside the theatre. Which car is Bob's car?
2. There is Tom. He is always hungry. There is Bob. He does not talk much. Which man is Bob?
3. There is John's house. It has a lot of windows. There is Pat's house. It has four floors. Which house is John's house?
4. There is our hotel. It looks expensive.
There is the Hunts' hotel. It has seventy-five bedrooms. Which hotel is your hotel?
5. There is Guy's coat. It is on the chair. There's Mike's coat. It seems old.
Which coat is Guy's coat?
6. There is Sue. She is coming out of the shop. There is Judy. She is going into the shop. Which girl is Judy?
7. There is Mum. She is talking to the waiter.
There is Aunt Ann. She is drinking a glass of water. Which woman is Aunt Ann?
8. There are Simon's football boots. They are under the table.
There are Peter's football boots. They are on the chair. Which football boots are Peter's?
VI. Put a relative pronoun "who", "whom", "which" or "that" into these sentences (if necessary):
1. The only games... I play are football and tennis. 2. We don't know the man... lives here. 3. He is the only student...understands English well. 4. Have you sent the book... I left on this tablet 5. The policeman is looking for the man... left his car in the street. 6. I gave him the book... I was reading. 7. This is the hotel at... we are staying. 8. Is this the money... you lost? 9. The car. he is driving is not his. 10. This is the man... we saw at the station yesterday. 11. Those... have finished their work may go home. 12. This is the horse... won the race. 13. He is the sort of person... everybody admires. 14. This is the plane... took me to Pa ris. 15. Mr West put the bag... he was carrying on the table 16. The table... he put the bag on was near the door. 17. Both the letters... came this morning are bills. 18. That's the music,.is popular. 19. That is the city... I was born in. 20. This is the island... was bought by a millionaire. 21. This is the hotel... was built last year. 22. The book... you lent me is not very interesting 23. The flowers... I love best are roses. 24. The man... you met yesterday is an actor.
Fluency
/. Listen to the conversation "Holidays in Switzerland" and answer the questions:
George: Good evening, Mary. I'm glad to see you. Come in.
Mary: Hullo, George! I haven't seen you for several weeks. You've been away from home, haven't you?
George: I've been in Switzerland. I got back yesterday.
Mary: I hope you had a good holiday. Did you enjoy yourself?
George: Very much. Shall I show you some of my photographs?
Mary: Oh, do, please. I like looking at photographs.
George: Here they are. This is the plane that took me to Switzerland.
Mary: Oh, you went by air, did you? Do you like flying?
George: Yes, I like flying. I think it's much better than going by rail and steamer. The air-liners of British European Airways are very comfortable. They've carried millions of passengers quite safely. And of course flying is much quicker. Here's another photograph.
Mary: That's you, isn't it? Who's the girl at your side?
George: That is a girl who was with me in the plane. We became
quite friendly and spent a lot of time together. Mary: And who is the girl in this photograph? George: She is a girl who was staying at my hotel in Interlaken.
I became quite friendly with her, too.
Mary: Well, here's another girl! That's three! Who's this girl? George: She's a girl who went up several mountains with me.
She was staying at my hotel too. She's very fond of climbing, so we often went climbing together. Mary: You like the girls and the girls like you. What's this?
It's a train, isn't it? George: Yes, that's a train on the railway that goes up the
Jungfrau. Mary: You said you went climbing! Did you go up the Jungfrau
by train? That isn't climbing. George: The railway doesn't go to the top! We climbed from the
end of the railway.
Mary: Here's a photograph of a steamer. George: That's a lake steamer. It takes passengers round one
of the two lakes at Interlaken. Interlaken is between the
two lakes. Mary: That's what the name Interlaken means, isn't it? Who
are these three men? George: The man on the left is an Italian who has climbed most of
the mountains in the Swiss Alps. The man in the middle is
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a Frenchman who has done a lot of climbing in the
Pyrenees. The third man, on the right, is a Swiss guide.
He's the man who took us up several mountains. You
must have a good guide in the Alps. It is dangerous to
climb alone.
Mary: And what's this? George: That's one of the mountain huts we slept in when we
were doing a two-day climb. Mary: And this? It's a hotel, isn't it? George: Yes, that's the hotel I stayed in while I was in Geneva
for a few days.
Mary: That's a pretty little village. George: Isn't it? It's a place where I stayed for two days after
my longest climb. I was very tired. Mary: And who are these people?
George: They're the people at whose house I stayed in the village. Mary: Well, you certainly had a good holiday. George: Yes, I enjoyed every minute of it. I hope I shall be able to
go again next summer.
Questions: Where did George spend his holidays? Did he have a good time? What did he do during his holidays?
//. Listen to the conversation again and pick out the relative clauses.
III. Role play the conversation.
IV. Situation: You've just returned from your holidays. You had a very good time. At the moment you are speaking to your friend about your holidays and showing him/her your photographs.
V. Listen to the texts describing pictures, learn the texts and describe your own pictures in the same way.
1. Nick Owen is a guide for Britannia tours. Some new tourists have just arrived in Exmouth. He's showing them around the town.
"I'm sure you'll enjoy your stay here. There's the beach that's the safest for swimmers. The other beaches aren't as good. And that's the shop that sells picnic lunches. Over there's the shop that sells souvenirs. I'll meet you back here at four o'clock.
2. Paul's showing Angela some holiday photos.
"Look... this is the hotel I stayed in... and here's the restaurant I used to go to. I used to eat there every day. This is the beach we used to lie on. It was a marvellous holiday."
3. Anne's just had an accident. She's telling a policeman about it.
"The car in front of me stopped suddenly. I managed to stop, but the van behind me didn't. It hit my car and pushed it into the car in front. There's my car. There's the van that hit my car. And that's the car my car hit."
4. Paul's showing Angela an old school photo.
"The headmaster's in the middle. He's the one that taught us Latin. His lessons were very boring. The fat one on the left is Mr Bunter. He's the one that used to hit us with a cane. Mr Cherry's on the right. He's the one that taught us French... and football. 1 was never bored at his lessons."
5. This is a picture of Ronald Rigg. He's the man the police arrested yesterday. He's standing next to P. C. Martin. Martin's the policeman that caught him.
VI Listen to the conversation "A Court Case", read and role-play the conversation:
A few months ago there was a bank robbery in Stanford The police arrested a man and a woman. They're in court now A woman saw the robbery. She's standing in the witness box. The judge and the twelve members of the jury are listening to her A lawyer is asking her some questions.
Lawyer: Now, Miss Dexter. You saw the bank robbery,
didn't you?
Miss Dexter: Yes, I did.
Lawyer: You saw a man, didn't you?
Miss Dexter: That's right. I saw him when he went into the bank
and when he came out.
Lawyer: Now, look around the court... can you see that man?
Miss Dexter: Yes'. He's the man I saw.
Lawyer: He wasn't alone when he went into the bank, was he?
Miss Dexter: No, he was with a woman. Lawyer: Now, look around the court again... can you see
that woman?
Miss Dexter: Yes, there! She's the woman! saw. Lawyer: I see, Miss Dexter. Now look at the man and woman
again. This is very important. Are you absolutely
sure about them?
Miss Dexter: Absolutely sure. They're the people I saw. Lawyer: Now, Miss Dexter. What was the man wearing
when he went into the bank? Miss Dexter: I don't remember everything... but I remember his
hat and his bag.
Lawyer: Look at the hat on the table. Is that the hat?
Miss Dexter: Yes, that's the hat he was wearing. Lawyer:... and the bag?
Miss Dexter: Yes, that's the bag he was carrying. Lawyer: Do you remember anything about the woman?
Miss Dexter: Yes. She was wearing a blonde wig and black platform shoes.
Lawyer: How do you know it was a wig, Miss Dexter?
Miss Dexter: Because it fell off when she was running to the car. Lawyer: Look at the wig on the table. Is that the wig?
.Miss Dexter: Yes, that's the wig she was wearing. [.Lawyer:... and the shoes... look at the shoes.
I Miss Dexter: Yes, they're the shoes she was wearing. Lawyer: Thank you, Miss Dexter.
Self check /. Translate into English:
I. , . 2. , . 3. , , . 4. , , . 5. , , . 6. , , . 7. , . 8. , , . 9. , . 10. , -
, . 11. , 12. , - . 13. , . 14. , -. 15. , , . 16. , ? 17. , . 8. , . 19. , . 20. , . 21. , 22. , ? 23. , .
UN IT I
Exercise I, p. 18
1. I have done; 2. The delegation has already arrived... we haven't spoken; 3. I read... I haven't read; 4. Have you made; I haven't made; 5. She has gone; 6. Have you ever been; I have been; 7. I have played... the summer began; 8. We haven't seen... we saw; 9. He has had; He has broken; 10. Have you finished; I have just begun; 11. have you brought; 12. Have you ever found; I haven't; 13. Has Mr West sold; he has; He sold; Has he moved.
Exercise II, p. 19
1. Have you ever played chess with Victor? Does he play chess well? I don't know. I have never played chess with him. 2. How is Ann? I haven't seen her lately. She is fine, thank you. And how is your son? Has he finished school? Yes, he is a student already. 3. I must pack the suitcase. Don't worry, I have already packed it. 4. My nephew is only 5, but he has already learnt to read well. 5. Have you ever been to England? Yes, I was there two years ago. 6. What h^s happened? I have broken my favourite cup. 7. We have bought a new TV set. I like it very much. 8. Nina is very upset. She hasn't passed her exam. 9. Will Nick come to the party? No, he has gone away on business. 10. Shall we watch TV tonight? I haven't repaired it yet. 11. Have you signed the documents? Yes, you may take them.
Exercise I, p. 25
1. Have you heard; He has broken; How did that happen; 2. I have just returned; Did you go; How long did you stay. 3. Have you had; Did you cut; Ann cut; 4. Somebody has spilt; it wasn't me; it was; 5. Did you see; 6. Somebody has taken; 7. I didn't eat... I didn't feel; 8. Why didn't Jim want; He was; 9. he has gone out; did he go out; 10. Have
you seen, I have; I saw; did you think; I didn't like; 11 I went; Have you ever been; Barbara has already been; She loved, she has never eaten; What did you order, I had...Mary tried; They were both, 12. I have never been; I went; I did; Have you ever been; a friend of mine stayed; He enjoyed.
Exercise II, p. 25
I. I have never been to China, but I have been to Japan. It was three years ago. 2. Where is my textbook? I have just left it here. Has anybody been here? 3. Kate went to the cinema two hours ago and she hasn't come back yet. 4. Has Victor repaired the TV set? Not yet. 5. Have you booked the tickets yet? Not yet.-Why didn't you do that yesterday? I forgot all about that. 6. Have you ever been to the Bolshoi theatre? Yes. What did you see? "Swan Lake". Did you enjoy the ballet? Yes, the music is wonderful, the dancing was superb.
