, ...
-
3.
( AD - AS)
. 1. . .
, .
2. , .
3. . , .
4. . . .
5. .
AD-AS . .
6. .
()
- . : 1) , ; 2) ; 3) ; 4)
. (aggregate demand AD) (, , ) . :
, .. (consumption demand);
, .. I (investment demand);
, .. G (government spending);
, .. Xn (demand for net export).
:
AD = C + I + G + Xn.
. , , , , . , .. . , . , , .. . , , (. 3-1). ( AD) , .
|
|
.3-1
( ),
1 ( , , ..), ..
, -
2 ( ),
AD . (1)
(Y1) (.), -
(2), -
Y1 Y2 Y (Y2) (.).
. , . , ( ) , , - .
, , .. . , , , , , .
AD :
( real money
balances effect) ( , .. , , ). (), , ():
real money balances = /
, , ( ), ( , .. ) . , .. , . : , ( ) , , , , ( ) , . :
Ý à M/P ß à C ß à AD ß
(interest rate effect) .
|
|
: , , . , , , ( ), .. . , , , , , , , , . :
Ý à MD Ý à R Ý à I ß à AD ß
, .
, , ( ), , . , , , , . .
( net export effect)
-. : , , . , . , , . :
Ý à ß; Im Ý à Xn ß à AD ß
, , AD .
( ), .
, , . AD. , AD , , . , , :
- , :
(W- wealth). , ..
, . AD .
(Yd disposal income).
( AD ).
(expectations).
:
- (Yde- expected disposal income). , , ( AD ).
- (pe - expected inflation). , , ( ),
(Tx taxes). ,
|
|
, , AD .
(Tr - transfers). ,
(.. ) . ,
(D debt). ,
, ( AD ).
(R interest rate).
, , .
(N number of consumers). ,
.
, : = (Yd, W, Yd e, pe, Tx, Tr, D, R, N)
+ + + + - + - - +
- , :
(E - expectations). () , ,
( ), .. , .. . , - (animal spirit), . , . , . , , .
(R interest rate).
. , .. , , , AD . .
, , AD, , , AD. , (, , ). ( ).
(Y - yield).
, , . , , ( inducedinvestment ).
(Tx taxes). () ,
. , , AD .
(Tr transfers). , ,
, .
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|
(t - technological progress).
AD .
(N excess).
, .
(0). ,
, . , .
: I = I (E, R, Y, Tx, Tr, t, N excess, 0)
+ - + - + + - -
- , :
, , ( , , ..) , .. .
G =
( AD ), .
- , :
(Y world). , , , .
(Ydomestic). , ( ), , , . AD .
(e exchange rate).
( ) , .. , (, 1 = 2 ). ( , 1 = 3 ) , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . , .
, , AD, , (.. ), AD.
: n = Xn (Y world, Y domestic, e)
+ - -
, AD, . , AD ( , , , V , , , ..):
MV=PY
M () , V (, , , ), P ( ), Y .
:
Y= (MV)/
, ( ) , AD.
|
|
, AD:
. ,
. AD . , ( , .. ), , , , , , . , , AD . . , , .
. ,
. , , , .
. (aggregate supply AS) , ( ) ( ). , , , () . ( ) . , .. , . ( AS), . , ( ) AS.
, AS, , . , , AS -. , , AS -. , . . , - . , . , , . :
(). , ,
. : 1) , 2) ( ), 3) ( , .. ). , , . AS - , - AS -. :
) , ( , ,
).
, .
) . , , , . , . AS -. 70- ( - ), .
) . , , , , , .
(t)
. .. , . , . , : ) ; ) ; ) , . - , , , , . , , AS . (t) ( ) , .
(Tx). (
) , . (, ). , , , , , .
() (Tr). ,
. .
(G management). -
. , , , , , , .
:
AS = AS (, ,t, ,r, Gmanagement)
+ - + - + -
, , . . : , : 1) 2) 3) 4) .
. V , ., ., .-., .-., . . :
1)
, V I . rice takers, .. , .
2) : . . , , ( , ). , : , ( ) .
3) , (.. ) (flexible). ; ( ) ; . , , (.. ) .
4) , -
, A. (invisible hand), , (market-clearing).
5) ,
, , . , laissez faire, laissez passer, , , , .
6) ,
, , .. . ( , ). ( , .. ).
7) , ..
. , (.. supply-side). , , , . . ,
I - , , , , ; . , , , , , , .. , - , , . , , . ( ) ( ). , , . , .
8) (
. , .
.3-2
.
, LRAS
( long-run).
,
, -
, Y* Y
LRAS (long-run aggregate supply) (.3-2).
:
) ) )
W LS R I S1 P AS
R1 S2 P1
R2
LD1 P2 AD1
AD2
LD2
L2 LF L I1=S1 I2=S2 I, S Y2 Y* Y
. 3-3
(.3-3()). ( ), (LS) , LF (full employment). , ( , , ). (LD) . (LS) (LD1) W1 LF. , , LD1 LD2. W1 ( ) , L2. LF L2 , . I , , , , , , . W2, LF. , (W2), .. .
(. 3-3 ()) , . (I) (S) (R). , , , . , , , . , , , . ( = , .. I1 = S1) R1. ( S1 S2), R1 , , . () , . R2, , , I2, .. I2 = S2. , .
(.3-3 ()) AS AD1, 1 - Y*. , , , , , , . AD1 AD2. 2. , 1, , , Y2. , , (2). (Y*).
, , . , (.. , ). (- ), . , , W1/P1 = W2/P2, , . , , . ( ) , , . ( ) , , ( , .. ). , ( ) ( ).
, , , , .
1929 , , 1933 . . , . -, , , , . -, , , , , , 25%, .. (, , ).
, .. , , 1936 . , . , , .
, , , , IX , , .. . , . , .
. :
1) .
2) .
, , (money matters), , . , () ( ).
3) , ,
(rigid) , , (sticky), .. . , () ( ) , : ) . , , , ; ) , , , . , , ; ) , , , .
(.3.3()) ( LD1 LD2) ( ) W2, () W1.
, , - , , price-makers. (.3-3()) 2, 1.
, , ( ) , - . , , , . , . , , , , , , . , ( ) . , , . (, 101%, , 100%, 9%, 10%). , ,
, . . 3-4
,
( R I S1 S2
I , -
) -
,
.
, I, S
10 .., 10% 100 .., 20% - 50 ..
. 3-4.
.3-5. ,
,
R D MS ,
,
. S1, -
R ,
I S2
. ,
(R) , -
( D
S) (. 3-5)
4) ,
. , W1, , L2. LF L2 . , , . . , . .
(.3-3()) (1). - (, ), , (Y2 < Y*), ( ). , , . .
5) (
) , , .. , , . , , , . , , . .
6) ( ) -
, . demand-side, .. .
7) , ..
, , , , .. short-run. , , , : (In long run we are all dead).
(SRAS short-run aggregate supply), (, , ), . (.3-6()). , , , .
,
( , , .. , ) , ( , ) (SRAS) , (.3-6()).
. 3-6
) )
SRAS SRAS
P
Y Y
(LRAS long-run aggregate supply) ( .3.7()), , ( ), , . , . , ( (.3-7()). 1 2 (Y*).
.3.7.
) ) ) )
LRAS LRAS1 LRAS2
SRAS SRAS1
2 2
11SRAS3
SRAS2
Y* Y Y1* Y2* Y Y1 Y2 Y Y
,
LRAS (.3.7()) / () , ( Y1* Y2*) . ( ) , : Y= AF (L, K, H, N), Y - , F (...) - , , - , , L - , K - , H - , N - . / LRAS , ( ). / , ( LRAS ).
. (2 > 1), .. , (Y2 > Y1) (.3.7.()).