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. . ( System of National Product and Income Accounts) 20- , , (Simon Kuznets). , . 20- ( prosperity) . , 20- - , , , . ( ) - , . 1929 - , 1929-1933 . 1930 (), . . , , . () 1987 .

, () , .

( ):

1) ();

2) ();

3) ()

:

1) ();

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3) ().

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. (Gross Domestic Product) - , ( ), ( ) .

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, , $5, . $8, . $17, $25. , , , , .

 

1.

 

 
5 $ 0 $ 5 $
8 $ 5 $ 3 $
17 $ 8 $ 9 $
25 $ 17 $ 8 $
55 $ 30 $ 25 $

 

( ), 55 $ (total output). (30 $), (25 $). , () . (25 $) , .. , (25 $). , , , . (.. , () ). : 55 30 = 25 ($).

( , , .), .

. , , .

, , . () .

. , , , ; , .. , . :

- , ( , ), ;

- , ( ) ( ).

( ) . , , . ( , , , .. , ).

,

. , (Gross Domestic Product - GDP) - - (Gross National Product - GNP) . , , . . , . . 1%. , (, ) , , (, ).

( ), (), , ( ) , , :

=

:

= +

- - , ),

- - , .

. ,

, , , . , , .

. :

1) ( );

2) ( );

3) ( ).

,

, , , .

, , , , , . : 1) ( ), (consumption spending); 2) ( ), I (investment spending); 3) ( ), G (government spending); 4) ( ), Xn (net export)

(consumption spending ) . 2/3 3/4 :

1) , .. ( , , , , 1 5 );

2) , .. , ( , , , , ., , , );

3) (

, ). ,

= + ( ) +

(investment spending - I) . , . :

1) , :

-

- ( );

2) , ;

3) (- :

- , ;

- , ;

- ( ),

(fixed investment). (inventory investment) , , , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , .

, ( ) ( ), .. , ( ), . ( ), , ( ), ..

.

(gross investment) , () (depreciation), (net investment):

I gross = A + I net

. , , , . , (depreciation). capital consumption allowances, . , . .

, . , , . I net > 0, .. ( ), I gross > A, , , . I gross = A, .. I net = 0, , , . I net < 0, I gross < A. , .. , .

= + +

= + ( )

(private investment), .. ( ), , .

, , .. , .

(government spending - G), :

- ( , , , , , () );

- ( )

(government spending) (government spendings). , , , , , .

(net export). (export) (import) : Xn = Ex Im.

= () +

(I gross) + (G) + (Xn)

. , .. , ( ). :

(wages and salaries), , .. ( , , , ..) . , . ( , , ( ) );

(rental payments) , ( , ). , , , , . .

(percent payments), , . , , , , , ;

, .. . - :

- , () . (proprietors income);

- , ( ). . :

1) ( );

2) ( ), ;

3) , , ,

( , , ) .

, , , , , .

. . . , , . . . , , , . , . , , , . , , , , .

, () ( ), .

, . , ( ), () ().

,

= + + + + + + +

( ). , 7 , , , , ... .

, , , ( ). , , , .. , . , , , . , 1 ( )

8

9 9

3 3 3

5 5 5 5

 

$25 ( $25), : $5 + $3 ($8 - $5) + $9 ($17 - $8) + $8 ($25 - $17) = $25, : $5 + $3 + $9 + $8 = $25. , - $25.

. , : (), (), () : (), (), ()

(Gross National Product GNP) (Gross Domestic Product GDP) . ():

= -

, () () , () () , ( , , ), ( , , ).

(Net Domestic Product NDP) , , , (). , , :

=

, .

= () + (I net) + (G) + (Xn)

= + + + + + +

(National Income - NI) - , , .. . 1) , :

=

2) , :

= + + +

+ +

(Personal Income - PI), , , . , , , .. , , , , .

= + +

+

=

+ + +

(Disposal Personal Income DPI) , , .. . , ( , ) ( ):

=

(consumption - ) (saving - S):

= + S

() , . , , .:

= + + + + +

= + +

+

( ) () . , .. , . 0, .. , .

() , .. . ( ), ( ) . ( ), ( ) .

. . , : , , , , : , , , , , .

, , , , , - . , ,

(GDP per capita):

/

(NI per capita):

/

.

. , :

1) ( , , );

2) ( , , : , , , .);

3) ( 1 , , );

4) ( , , ..)

1972 (c ) , (Net Economic Welfare). , , (value of goods), : , , ; ; , .. , , (value of bads), : , , , , , ..

. . , .. ( ) . , . ( ), () . ( ) .

, , . :

1) ;

2) .

, .

, () , . , , , . (, 1990 2000 . 2000 , 1990 ).

= /

. .

, , :

t = Spt qt,

, , :

t = Sp0 qt

:

0 = 0 = Sp0 q0

, 1 ( 100%).

t () , 0 , t , , , 0 , qt () , , , q0 () ). , (, ..).

, ( ), :

( ) = ( ) - ( )

, 7%, 4%,

3%. ( , , ( ). .)

. :

1) ; 2) ; 3) .

()

, , . ( 300-400 ).

()

( ) , , 3200 .

, () , .. , , , , :

= IL = (Spt q0 /Sp0 q0) × 100%

,

, , , .. () , :

= (Spt qt /Sp0 qt )× 100%

,

= /

1.

, ( , , ) .

, , ( ), :

, , , ;

, , ;

, , ;

(p) (, )

,

:

t t -1

p = t -1 × 100%

(j) , :

t t - 1

j = t - 1 × 100%

t , (t 1) .

, (, 1.2; 2.5; 3.8);

, . :

) ( ), , .. (, , , () , () . , , ( , ) , . ( ), ;

) ( , , . , , , ). , .

, , , :

IF =

, ( , ) , , , . , .. > 1, . ( , .. ). , .. < 1, . ( , .. ).

 





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