, , - .
, 1 :
.
, , . , , , , . , , .
- c - C :
,
- ( /).
. , V . Cv Cp.
p/v = γ , (γ ).
, ( ). ( ),
Vγ = const.
∆Q = ∆U +∆A,
∆Q - , , ∆U - , ∆A - , .
. V = const, ∆A = 0 , ,
v = ∆U / ∆. = const, ∆A = ∆V = R ∆T, (PV = RT) .
,
.
, Cp v
Cp = v + R,
R - .
Cp > v, V = const , = const . , .
- , , i - - , .
i = 3 (, ), ( ) i = 5.
N2 2 , ,
.
, U- ( 2.1).
|
|
1. , '.
, (2.1)
- ; - , ; V - , ; ' - ( ), m - , - ( ).
2. . . ( V2) , ( ). .
( ). P" (" < ').
. (2.2)
, 1 2 .
3. 1 2, : , , , . ( ), : Vγ = const. , . , ,
(+P') V1γ = V2γ, (2.3)
P - .
(2.3)
, (2.4)
(2.1) (2.2)
. (2.5)
(2.4) (2.5),
. (2.6)
(2.6),
. (2.7)
' P ( " P)
ln(1 + x)→x x → 0. [ , x ≤ 0,02 ln(1+ x) x 1%. h ≈ 0,2 , h ≈ 10 ].
, (2.8)
'=ρgh', "=ρgh". , h' h", γ.
, , .
. 2.2. :
1 - , 2 - , 3 - , 4 - U - , 5 -
1. , 25-30 . , 3-4 , ( ). L1' L2' . L1', L2' h' = L1' L2' . 2.1.
2. , . . . . . 3-4 , , L1", L2" h"= L1" - L2" . 2.1.
|
|
. . ( 1) m1, ( 2), m2 < m1.
m2 (2.8). , 1 m2 V1 < V (.2.3), V m1 > m2.
2 m2 (V2 = V, .2.3). , m2 1 2 (2.1) (2.2) , 1 → 2 - (2.3).
3. 10 .
. 2.1.
2.1
L1', | L2', | h', | L1", | L2", | h", | γ | |
. . |
4. (2.8) γ .
5. γ.
6. γ :
,
- , n - , α ( 0,95), Sγ - .
7. γ = γ + ∆γ γ .
1. ? ? .
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. > v?
6. ?
7. ?
8. ?
9. 1?
: [1].....[5]