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The subject-matter of phonetics. Phonetic structure of English
: to find out about the subject-matter of phonetics and phonetic structure of English.
Phonetics is a study of speech sounds. Phonetics deals with the production, transmission, and perception of spoken language. At each level, phonetics overlaps with some other sciences, such as anatomy, physiology, acoustics, psychology, and linguistics. In each case, phonetics focuses on phenomena relevant to the study of spoken language. Phonetics is a basic branch − many would say the most fundamental branch − of linguistics; neither linguistic theory nor linguistic practice can do without phonetics, and no language description is complete without phonetics, the science concerned with the spoken medium ['miːdɪəm] of language. That is why phonetics claims to be of equal importance with grammar and lexicology.
Phonetics is subdivided into practical and theoretical. Practical or normative phonetics studies the substance, the material form of phonetic phenomenain relation to meaning. Theoretical phonetics is mainly concerned with the functioning ofphonetic units in the language.
The first phoneticians were Indian scholars (c. 300 BC) who tried to preserve the pronunciation of Sanskrit holy texts. The Classical Greeks are credited as the first to base a writing system on a phonetic alphabet. Modern phonetics began with Alexander Melville Bell (1819 1905), whose Visible Speech (1867) introduced a system of precise notation for writing down speech sounds. In the 20th century linguists focused on developing a classification system that can permit comparison of all human speech sounds. Another concern of modern phonetics is the mental processes of speech perception.
Three traditional branches of the subject are generally recognized:
1. Articulatory phonetics ( ) is the study of the way speech sounds are made (articulated) by the vocal organs, i.e. it studies the way in which the air is set in motion, the movements of the speech organs and the coordination of these movements in the production of single sounds and trains of sounds;
2. Acoustic phonetics ( ) studies the physical properties of speech sound, as transmitted between the speakers mouth and the listeners ear;
3. Auditory phonetics ( ) studies the perceptual response to speech sounds, as mediated by ear, auditory nerve and brain, i.e. its interests lie more in the sensation of hearing, which is brain activity, than in the psychological working of the ear or the nervous activity between the ear and the brain. The means by which we discriminate sounds quality, sensations of pitch, loudness, length, are relevant here.
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The fourth branch functional phonetics ( ) is concerned with the range and function of sounds in specific languages. It is typically referred to as phonology. What is the main distinction between phonetics and phonology?
Phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received, i.e. phonetics is the study of all possible speech sounds. The human vocal apparatus can produce a wide range of sounds; but only a small number of them are used in a language to construct all of its words and utterances.
Phonology is the study of speech sound types and prosodic (intonation) features which have a differential value in the language. It studies the way in which speakers systematically use a selection of units phonemes or intonemes in order to express meaning. It investigates the phonetic phenomena from the point of view of their use.
English phonology is the study of the sound system of the English language. Like many languages, English has wide variation in pronunciation, both historically and from dialect to dialect. In general, however, the major regional dialects of English are mutually intelligible.
Although there are many dialects of English, the following are usually used as prestige or standard accents: Received Pronunciation for the United Kingdom, General American for the United States, and General Australian for Australia.
A phoneme is a sound or a group of different sounds which is/are all perceived to have the same function by speakers of the language or dialect in question. For example, the word 'sound' has four phonemes: the [s], the vowel diphthong [u], the [n], and the [d]. Note that a phoneme is a feature of pronunciation, not of spelling.
The modern English alphabet is a Latin alphabet consisting of 26 letters, but the number of speech sounds in English varies from dialect to dialect, and any actual tally () depends greatly on the interpretation of the researcher doing the counting. The Longman Pronunciation Dictionary by John C. Wells, for example, denotes 24 consonants and 23 vowels used in Received Pronunciation, plus two additional consonants and four additional vowels used in foreign words only. For General American, it provides for 25 consonants and 19 vowels, with one additional consonant and three additional vowels for foreign words. The American Heritage Dictionary, on the other hand, suggests 25 consonants and 18 vowels for American English, plus one consonant and five vowels for non-English terms.
Read the tongue-twisters:
1. A big black bug bit a big black dog on his big black nose!
2. A big bug bit a bold bald bear and the bold bald bear bled blood badly.
3. A bitter biting bittern Bit a better brother bittern, And the bitter better bittern Bit the bitter biter back. And the bitter bittern, bitten, By the better bitten bittern, Said: Im a bitter biter bit, alack!
4. A blokes bike back brake block broke.
5. A box of biscuits, a batch of mixed biscuits
6. A canner can can anything that he can, But a canner cant can a can, can he?
7. A certain young fellow named Beebee Wished to marry a lady named Phoebe But, he said. I must see What the ministers fee be Before Phoebe be Phoebe Beebee
8. A cheap ship trip.
9. A cricket critic A black bugs blood Irish wristwatch Legend tripping Liril
10. A cup of proper coffee in a copper coffee cup.
1. What does phonetics deal with?
2. Is phonetics as a branch of linguistics more important than grammar and lexicology? Why?
3. Name and specify the three traditional branches of phonetics.
4. What is phonology?
5. Name the two main methods of investigating the sound matter of the language.
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6. How many standard accents of English do you know? Name them.
7. How many letters are there in the English alphabet? How many speech sounds are there in the sound system of English? Why can't we name the exact number? What does it depend on?
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