, , . , . , , , , , , . . - ,
( ) . .
, , ().
Q(T)+Q()+Q()+Q()+Q(.)+Q() = Q(T)+Q()+Q()+Q()+Q(.)+Q();
Q(T), Q(), Q() , , , ( ); Q(T), Q(), Q() , , , ( ); Q() Q() (, , . .), (Q()) (Q()) ; Q(.) Q(.) , (Q(.)) (Q(.)) ; Q() Q() , (Q()) (Q()) ().
Q(T), Q() . .
Q(T) = G(T) × C, × T,
G(T) ; C, ; ( ) , .
,
= (G1 × C1 + G2 × C2 + G3 × C3) / G,
G1 C1 . . ; G .
Q(.) , , . Q(.)
.
()
= U + pV,
U ; ; V .
U , , , . . , , .
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- , , :
Q(.) = -DͰ(.).
(DͰ(.)) :
DͰ(.) = åDͰ - åDͰ.
Q() Q() .
, Q()Sn = 7,07 /, , 1 Sn , , 1 .
Q()
Q() = × F × DT,
; F ; D (.) (.); D = - ..
: , .
, , () , ( ), . . Q(.) + Q() = Q() .
, () , () , () .
() , () , () , .
(. ). Q Q 0,5 % .
. 1 ( a = 1,8) , . , %: SO2 22,9; O2 9,2; N2 67,9.
, 408 ( = 0,709 /×), 298 . 5 % .
. :
Q() S + Q() + Q(.) = Q() 2 +Q() N2 +Q() SO2 + Q() .
:
2 = 29,37 /× ( = 298 );
N2 = 29,12 /× ( = 298 );
SO2 = 39,87 /× ( = 298 );
S() = 22,70 / × ( = 408 );
SO2 ( ) DHf(SO2) = - 296,9 / ( = 298 ).
, . . .
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1.
Q() S = 1000 / 32 × 22,7 × 408 = 289,4 .
2.
Q() = G × × ,
G a = 1,8:
S + O2 = SO2;
GO2 1000
GO2 = (32 × 1000) / 32 = 1000 ;
a = 1,8 GO2 = 1800 .
, 1800 ,
1800 0,233
GN2 - 0,767,
0,233 ; 0,767 .
GN2 = (1800 × 0,767) / 0,233 = 5925,3 ;
G = 5925,3 + 1800 = 7725,3 .
= 29,37 × 0,21 + 29,12 × 0,79 = 29,17 / × ,
0,21 0,79 .
Q() = 7725,3 / 29 × 29,17 × 298 = 2315,6 .
3. 1000 2000 , :
Q(.) = 2000 / 64 × (- 296,9) = 9278,1 .
Q = 289,4 + 2315,6 + 9278,1 = 11883,1 .
5 % ,
Q() = 11883,1 × 0,05 = 594,2 .
, , :
Q() . = Q - Q() = 11883,1 - 594,2 = 11288,9 .
= Q() . / (2 × G2 / 32 + N2 × GN2 / 28 + SO2 × GSO2 / 64);
G2 = 800 ; GN2 = 5925,3 ; GSO2 = 2000 ,
= 11288,9 × 103 / (29,37 × 800 / 32 + 29,12 × 5925,3 / 28 +
+ 39,87 × 2000 / 64) = 1386 .
1000 (a = 1,8)
1. , . . (1800 ) (5925,3 ) | 492,3 1836,4 | 1. (5925,3 ) 2. (800 ) 3. | 8540,9 1017,6 |
2. (1000 ) | 289,4 | (2000 ) | 1726,9 |
3. - | 9278,1 | 4. (5 %) | 594,8 |
11896,2 | 11880,2 |
(DQ / Q) × 100 % = 0,13 %, .
0
- 1373 . ( = 313 ), 773 , 3010 /.
0, 3 | 1, 4 | 2, 5 | 6, 9 | 7, 8 | |
, : SO2 O2 N2 , % | 3/ . , % 9,0 9,0 82,0 | / . , % 18,7 8,6 72,7 | / . , % 9,0 12,0 79,0 | 3/ . , % 8,0 13,0 79,0 | / . , % 17,0 10,0 73,0 |
1
SO3 313 20 %- 313 . SO3, SO3 481,85 / SO3, SO3 20 %- 23,25 / SO3, 323 , 328 . 1,344 /(3×), 1,42 /(3×), 2,04 /(×). .
0, 3 | 1, 4 | 2, 5 | 6, 9 | 7, 8 | |
- - : SO3 O2 N2 , % | 3/ . , % 7,0 14,0 | / . ,% 17,0 14,0 | / . , % 7,0 10,0 | 3/ . , % 7,5 9,5 | / . ,% 19,0 11,0 |
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2
293 . 1000 , ; 308 ; 170 /.
0, 3 | 1, 4 | 2, 5 | 6, 9 | 7, 8 | |
: NH3 N2 H2 CH4 , , -, % | . ,% | . ,% | .% -- | . , % | . ,% |
, /( × )
, | NH3 | N3 | H2 | CH4 |
305380 | 35,16 | 29,12 | 28,83 | 35,71 |
3
SO2 2, . 1 :
SO2 + 0,5O2 = SO3; DHT = - 107,7 /.
0, 3 | 1, 4 | 2, 5 | 6, 9 | 7, 8 | |
: SO2 O2 N2 , 2, , % | . ,% 0,50 | . ,% 0,55 | .% 0,60 | . , % 0,65 | . ,% 0,70 |
, /( × )
, | SO2 | SO3 | O2 | N2 |
2 830 870 1 ? | 45,16 43,53 | 60,82 58,00 | 30,77 30,00 | 29,76 29,48 |
4
- , 1:
4NH3 + 5O2 = 4NO + H2O; DHT = - 904 /.
0, 3 | 1, 4 | 2, 5 | 6, 9 | 7, 8 | |
-- : NH3 O2 N2 , 2, , % | . , % 8,5 18,0 74,0 2,5 | . , % 4,9 20,7 74,4 3,0 | . , % 7,5 18,5 74,0 3,5 | . , % 7,7 18,3 74,0 4,0 | . , % 4,7 20,8 74,5 4,5 |
, /(3 × )
, | NH3 | O2 | N2 | NO | H2O |
800800 ? | 2,703 2,970 | 1,145 1,491 | 1,352 1,394 | 3,03 3,15 | 2,50 2,75 |
5
1. , 670 :
+ 22 = 3; DHT = - 111 /.
0, 3 | 1, 4 | 2, 5 | 6, 9 | 7, 8 | |
: O 2 , 1, | . , % | . , % | . , % | . , % | . , % |
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, /( × )
, | O | 2 | 3O |
620640 | 1,061 1,066 | 14,478 14,490 | 1,827 1,872 |
6
N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3; DHT = - 89 /.
, 1, 2 , % .
0, 3 | 1, 4 | 2, 5 | 6, 9 | 7, 8 | |
, , 1, 2, | 3/ . , % | / . , % | / . , % | 3/ . , % | / . , % |
, /( × )
, | N2 | H2 | NH3 |
690710 790810 | 30,01 30,22 | 29,15 29,28 | 41,71 43,09 |
7
:
4 + 2 = + 32; DHT = 206,2 /.
, % ? 4: 2 = 1: Y. 1, 2, a, %.
0, 3 | 1, 4 | 2, 5 | 6, 9 | 7, 8 | |
, , % 4: 2, Y, / , 1, 2, , a, %. | 3 3,5 | 3,7 | 3,9 | 3 4,1 | 4,3 |
, /( × )
, | H4 | 2 | H2 | |
700740 11001180 | 47,78 58,22 | 35,60 37,80 | 30,29 31,26 | 29,17 29,79 |
8
- , / 1 2 . , 2610 /, 2,26 /( × ). .
0, 3 | 1, 4 | 2, 5 | 6, 9 | 7, 8 | |
, , / , 1, 2, |
9
. , :
4 + 2 = + 32; DHT = 206,2 /.
0, 3 | 1, 4 | 2, 5 | 6, 9 | 7, 8 | |
, , % 4: 2, Y, / , , , a, %. | 3/ 3,2 | / 3,3 | / 3,4 | 3/ 3,5 | / 3,6 |
, /( × )
, | H4 | 2 | H2 | |
600680 10001160 | 2,816 3,636 | 1,938 2,098 | 1,066 1,122 | 14,490 14,721 |
- . -- V . ( ) t ( , 1 , 1 , 1 . .) , , , :
mA, () = mA, (), (1)
mA, () = mA, () + mA, (.) + mA, (). (2)
(1) (2),
mA, () = mA, () + mA, (.) + mA, (), (3)
mA, () , , , c ; mA, () , (- ), , : , , ; mA, () , , ; mA, (.) , ; mA, () , ( ) .
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() ( ) :
(-);
(-);
().
(- ) , mA, () = 0. (3) :
mA, (.) = mA, () - mA, (); (4)
mA, (.) = rA × Vp; (5)
mA, () = W × CA,; mA, () = W × CA, (6)
rA , ( ); CA, CA , ; Vp ; W .
( ) t , , (3-6)
t = Vp / W = (CA,H - CA,K) / rA = ( ) / rA(, ). (7)
(7) . , - CA,K , , rA (7) rA(), . rA rA() (), t dt, (CA, - CA) (-dCA). (8) (9), :
-: t = (CA, - CA) / rA(CA); (8)
CA
: dt = - dCA / rA() Þ t = - ∫ dCA / rA(). (9)
CA,
(9) - .
rA(CA) (8) , (9) , . . , . , R 1- , :
rA = k1 × CA. (10)
Û R, 1- , 1- :
rA = k1 × CA - k2 × CR, (11)
k1, k2 ; CA CR R .
t -, (8), rA (10) (11) CA, R, k1 k2, t - (9) , rA() , . . . x- , :
x = CA, - CA; (12)
CA = CA, - x; CR = x. (13)
rA = - dCA / dt = dx / dt. (14)
(12-14) (11) (9) , x t:
dx / dt = k1 (CA, - x) - k2 × x; (15)
x.
t = ∫ dx / [k1 (CA, - x) - k2 × x] =
0 x.
= - (1 / (k1 + k2)) × ln [k1 (CA, - x.) - k2 × x.]½ =
= - [k1 (1 + 1 / )]-1 × ln [1 (1 + 1 / ) × x. / CA,], (16)
C = k1 / k2 ; x. , .
2-, 3- , .
2NO + O2 2NO2, (17)
3-
r2 = k1 × CNO2× C2; (18)
dx / dt = k1 (2 - 2x)2 × (b - x) = 4k1 ( - x)2 × (b - x) =
= k1(2a - 2x)2 × (b - x), (19)
NO; b 2.
(19):
x .
t = (1/4k1) ∫{dx / [( - x)2 × (b - x)]} =
x .
= 1/ (4k1 (b - a)) ∫[1 / (a - x)] / [(1 / (a - x)) (1 / (b - x))] dx =
x .
= 1/ (4k1 (b a)) {1 / (a - x) + (1/(b - a) [ln (a - x) ln (b - x)]}½.
t = 1/ (4k1 (b - a)2) {ln [b (a x) / (a (b x)] +
+ [(b a)x / (a (a x))} = 1 / (4k1 (b a)2) {ln [(1 x) /
/ (1 (a / b) x] + [(b/a 1) x / (1 x)]}. (20)
. (17) 30 60 %. . , . , %: N 9; O2 8; N2 83. 2,65 × 104 -1.
. 3- , , (18).
, /3 ( /), /3. :
Cj = n / V = Pj / (R × T) = (P × Nj) / (R × T),
Nj NO ; , ; V .
NO, = (1,01325 × 105 × 0,09) / (8,3147 × 303,15) =
= 3,618 /3 = 3,618 × 10-3 /3;
O, = (1,01325 × 105 × 0,08 × 10-3) / (8,3147 × 303,15) =
= 3,22 × 10-3 /3.
-, (18) (20).
xK, NO, (8):
xK = × NO = 1/2 × 3,618 × 10-3 × 0,6 = 1,0854 × 10-3 /3;
= 1/2 × 3,618 × 10-3 = 1,809 × 10-3 /3;
b = 3,22 × 10-3 /3.
x (20) ,
t = 12,6 .
1. (8), (9) (22).
2. t :
VP = t × W. (23)
3. W 3/ (..). 3/ :
P × W / T = P. × W. / T. (24)
0 ( 5)
, . , %: N 10; O2 8; N2 ,
2NO + O2 = 2NO2, (1)
3- , 0,2 NO NO2, 90% ( . .), 30 000 3/. , , , , ( ) .
5 , , 0,3 .
, | ||||||||||
(1) | 2,65 × 104 | 2,00 × 104 | 3,17 × 104 | 2,52 × 104 | 2,10 × 104 | 3,00 × 104 | 2,20 × 104 | 2,80 × 104 | 2,30 × 104 | 2,40 × 104 |
1 ( 6)
0, , .
6 , , 0,3 .
2 ( 7)
0, , , .
7 , , 0,3 .
3 ( 8)
0, , 3- , .
8 , , 0,3 .
4 ( 9)
0, , , (1- ) (2- ), , 45 %, , .
9 , , 0,3 .
1. - // . . .. . .: , 1976. 300 .
2. .. - . .: . , 1962. 468 .
3. // . . . .. . .: , 1977. 495 .
4. .. . .: . 1989. 311.
.. 1. .. 2. . 3. . 4. . |