Ethernet 0.5 . Ethernet, . CSMA/CD Ethernet .
Ethernet :
10Base-5 - 0.5 , "" . 50 . - 500 ( ).
10Base-2 - 0.25 , "" . 50 . - 185 ( ).
10Base-T - (Unshielded Twisted Pair, UTP). . - 100 .
10Base-F - . . - FOIRL, 10Base-FL, 10Base-FB.
10 - 10 /, Base - 10 ( , , broadband - ).
5
TCP/IP, DNS
5.1 TCP/IP
IP-
TCP/IP :
( ) (- ); ;
IP- (, 192.168.0.1), -;
(, www.microsoft.com); -.
IP-. , , IP- . , . , 3 IP-.
1. Unicast- ( ) --.
2. Broadcast- ( , ) --. . IP- , . , Ethernet , , , .
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3. Multicast- ( ) --. , , . IGMP, .
Unicast-.
unicast-. IP- 4 ( 32 ). 32- 8 , .
, IP- 11000000101010000000000000000001 192.168.0.1.
IP- ( , Network ID) ( , Host ID). . , , IP-. , .
( , ). IP-, .
, IP- TCP/IP.
IP- (Network mask), 4 4 , . , 1, , IP- . , 0, , IP- .
IP- TCP/IP .
, IP , .
. D . , .
IP- .
IP- 0. 8 , 24 . A 255.0.0.0. (. 5.1).
. 5.1. IP-
IP- B.
IP- B 10. 16 , 16 . B 255.255.0.0.
. 5.2. IP- B
IP- C.
IP- C 110. 24 , 8 . C 255.255.255.0.
D
IP- D (multicast-). IP- D 1110. 28 .
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E
IP- E 11110. ( Windows Server).
. 5.2. IP- C
(Network ID)
127 ( 127.x.y.z , loopback-, );
1 (IP-, 1, );
0 ( IP- , , , );
, .
5.1.
A | 1.0.0.0 | 126.0.0.0 | |
B | 128.0.0.0 | 191.0.0.0 | |
C | 192.0.0.0 | 223.255.255.0 |
(Host ID)
1 ( , 1, , broadcast-);
0 ( 0, , , 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1;
.
5.2.
A | w.0.0.1 | w.255.255.254 | |
B | w.x.0.1 | w.x.255.254 | |
C | w.x.y.1 | w.x.y.254 |
, , . / . , 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.0/24, 24 .
() IP-
IP- 2 : , - Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA), , IANA . - IP- , . , (NAT, Network Address Translation) -. NAT IP-.
NAT IP- IP ( , IP) IP. (NAT) , (firewall) IP-.
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- web- . IP-.
IP- :
10.0.0.0/8 ( A);
172.16.0.0/12 ( , 16 B 172.16.0.0/16 172.31.0.0/16);
192.168.0.0/16 ( , 256 C 192.168.0.0/24 192.168.255.0/16).
, IP- (APIPA, Automatic Private IP Addressing). IP- , IP-, DHCP. APIPA B 169.254.0.0/16.
IP-
( MAC-). IP- ARP (Address Resolution Protocol). ARP , IP- . IP- . IP-. , , . ARP , . ARP . ARP , IP-, . ARP , IP- ( ARP- 10 .). ARP (ARP-cache).
ARP :
ARP Request ( ARP) , TCP/IP, MAC- , IP-;
ARP Reply ( ARP) , IP- ARP-, , ARP-, MAC-;
RARP Request, Reverse ARP Request ( ARP-) IP- MAC-;
RARP Reply, Reverse ARP Reply ( ARP-) ARP-.
IP- (subnetting) (supernetting).
192.168.1.0/24 ( C) . IP- 24 8 . 27 , , , 255.255.255.224, 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000. :
IP- | ||
192.168.1.0/27 | 192.168.1.1192.168.1.30 | 192.168.1.31 |
192.168.1.32/27 | 192.168.1.33192.168.1.62 | 192.168.1.63 |
192.168.1.64/27 | 192.168.1.65192.168.1.94 | 192.168.1.95 |
192.168.1.96/27 | 192.168.1.97192.168.1.126 | 192.168.1.127 |
192.168.1.128/27 | 192.168.1.129192.168.1.158 | 192.168.1.159 |
192.168.1.160/27 | 192.168.1.161192.168.1.190 | 192.168.1.191 |
192.168.1.192/27 | 192.168.1.193192.168.1.222 | 192.168.1.223 |
192.168.1.224/27 | 192.168.1.225192.168.1.254 | 192.168.1.255 |
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, 8 , 30 . , , , , , , (, , ).
IP- :
Network ID | Host ID | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. , , IP-, 192.168.1.48 192.168.1.72, , , 192.168.1.32/27 192.168.1.64/27.
. TCP/IP 192.168.1.0/27 192.168.1.224/27 (.. ). ( .. Microsoft Windows) .
, .
, IP- 192.168.0.0/21 :
Network ID | Host ID | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IP- : 192.168.0.1192.168.7.254 ( 2046 ), 192.168.7.255.
:
IP- (subnetting) ( );
(supernetting) ;
( );
;
.
IP- . , , , . , , . 32- , . , :
255.0.0.0 ;
255.255.0.0 - ;
255.255.255.0 - .
:
?
?
?
?
IP- (A, B, C) (Classless Inter-Domain Routing, CIDR).
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IP-
:
(node) TCP/IP;
(host) , ;
(router) ,
IP- unicast- - IP- .
IP- , IP- IP- IP- -. :
1) - , - IP-, ( ), IP- ( ). - IP- , IP- . , , . , .
2) IP-, - ARP- ARP- MAC- -. , - . ARP- , - ARP- IP- -, ARP- ( ).
3) - - IP-, - , (default gateway). IP-, -, ( ARP-). , ( , ).
2 : 192.168.0.0/24 192.168.1.0/24. . IP- 192.168.0.1, 192.168.1.1. 2 : A (192.168.0.5) B (192.168.0.7). C IP- 192.168.1.10.
A B, , B , A (.. ), A ARP- IP- 192.168.0.7. IP- , A B. ( , direct delivery).
A C, , C (.. ). A , ( IP- 192.168.0.1). 192.168.1.1 C. ( , indirect delivery) A C. .
IP- .
, . , , . Windows route print. . :
, TCP/IP ;
, route print Routing and Remote Access Service;
, (RIP OSPF).