.
1. - int toupper(int c)
2. - int isupper(int c)
3. - int tolower(int c)
4. - int islower(int c)
#include <ctype.h>
void main(void){
int ch; crit=0; //
while ((ch=getche())!='\n'){
if(crit==0){
ch=isupper(ch)? tolower(ch): ch;
putchar(ch);
}
else{
ch=islower(ch)? toupper(ch):ch;
putchar (ch);
}
}
- . &. , .
" type" :
type& _ = .
. :
int i = 0;
int& iref = i;
iref int - int* const. . , , , :
iref++; // , i++
int *ip = &iref; // , ip = &i;
, iref i.
, , .
#include <iostream.h>
void incr (int&);
void main(void){
int i = 5;
incr(i);
cout<< "i= " << i << "\n";
}
void incr (int& k){
k++;
}
, . . .
. - , .
main() . , - .
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {}
argc - , .
*argv[] .
argv[0] ;
argv[1] ..
main() , . DOS . 0. IF ERRORLEVEL 0 echo Ok!. , return .
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#include <iostream.h>
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
if(argc<2) {
puts( );
exit(1);
}
else {
cout<< <<argv[0]<<endl;
cout<< <<argv[1]<<endl;
}
return 0;
}
, DOS exit(1).
- . , .
- . : , , , , , , , . . , , , . , .
, . .
:
struct book {
char title [81];
char author[30];
float value;
};
book .
, , . struct - , book - , , .
struct {
char title [81];
char author[30];
float value;
}libry;
. .
. , -, , , . , (81).
struct book , int, float .
struct book doyle, panshin;
. , , .
void main(void) {
struct book libry; // - book
puts(" ");
gets(libry.title);
puts(" ");
gets(libry.author);
puts(" ");
scanf("%f",&libry.value);
printf("%s, %s, %p.2f",libry.title,libry.author,libry.value);
}
:
struct book libry={" ", "..", 1.50};
, .
void main(void){
struct book libry[100];
int i;
for(i=0; i<100; i++){
puts(" ");
gets(libry[i].title);
puts(" ");
gets(libry[i], author);
puts(" ");
scanf("%f",&libry[i].value);
}
}
libry[i].
libry[2].title[3] 4- title 3- book.
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"" , , .
struct names{ char name[20];
char fio[20];};
struct worker{ struct names people;
char job[20];
float money;};
void main(void){
struct worker driver = {{"", ""},
"", 1234.1};
.
puts(driver.people.name);
, . , .
struct worker *pdrv;
pdrv = &driver;
struct worker driver[2]; //
) pdrv = driver; // pdrv <=> &driver[0];
pdrv+1 <=> &driver[1].
->.
pdrv->job -> driver[0].job ->(*prdv).job
) pdrv->people.name
1) .
driver.money=1234;
2) .
pdrv->money=3456;
