to ~ all the company's advertising; to be overseen by environmental experts
assist (v)
to ~ at her first operation; to ~ with the editing of a manuscript; to be ~ ed at dinner
assistance (n)
to render (give, offer, provide) ~; considerable/great ~; economic/financial ~; legal ~; public ~; to be of considerable ~ to us; any ~ will be gratefully received
assistant (n)
teaching ~
probation (n)
to be on ~
interfere (v)
to ~ in smth; to ~ with our plans; their interests were very little ~ed.
interference (n)
unwarranted ~
justify (v)
to ~ science in the eyes of the nation; to ~ (as) bail; to ~ an assertion
require (v)
to be ~-ed to go there; to ~ that everyone attend/should attend the meeting; it ~s careful consideration; hard work will be ~ed of students; the house ~s painting
requirement (n)
flexible (adj)
a ~ schedule
flexibility (n)
to demonstrate, show ~; to have enough ~
complain (v)
to ~ of a headache; to ~ about that boy; to ~ to the boy's mother
complaint (n)
top (n)
to come/rise to the ~; to be/sit on ~ of the worldto be at the ~ of the ladder/tree
top (adj)
the ~ floor; ~ value; ~ form; one of the world's ~ journalists top secret
top (v)
bottom (n)
at the ~ of the page; to go to the ~; to stand on one's own ~; to get (down) to/at the ~ of
bottom (adj)
the ~ step; ~ price
treat (v)
to ~ with reverence; to ~ upon the subject treat as; treat for
treat (n)
the usual ~; to promise a ~
believe (v)
we soon ~ what we desire; ~ it or not; to ~ firmly, sincerely, strongly; mistakenly ~; to ~ in early rising, I ~ so
belief (n)
to express a ~; to hold to a ~; to shake one's ~; to give up one's ~; erroneous/false/mistaken ~; firm/strong/unshakable ~; popular/prevalent ~; to the best of my ~
obscure (adj)
misty and ~ day; an ~ poet; an ~ country village
obscure (v)
entrepreneur (n)
an independent ~; a private ~
affect (v)
shouting ~s the voice; to ~ smb. deeply, profoundly, strongly, to be ~ed by influenza
affect (n)
Vocabulary Exercises
Ex. 1. Which words can you derive from the following:
| 1) appoint 2) identify 3) supervise 4) initiate 5) assist 6) interfere 7) just 8) complain 9) believe | 10) obscure 11) treat 12) ignore 13) flexible 14) require 15) lead 16) affect 17) effect 18) top |
Ex.2. Complete the following sentences using a word derivationally related to the word given in brackets:
1) Any organisation is a system of roles in which rights and obligations of each employee are clearly . (identification)
2) Political executives are political in most cases. (appointment)
3) This is the political executive who , shapes, promotes, and oversees policy changes. (initiative)
4) The work of professionals considerable autonomy and . (requirement, flexible)
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5) Nonprofessionals are evaluated by their immediate , while the work of professionals is evaluated by peer review of their colleagues. (supervision)
6) People often that public bureaucrats them like a number and unique problems and circumstances. (complaint, treatment, ignorance)
7) Street-level bureaucrats can affect their work with clients. (believe)
8) The role of policy entrepreneurs strategic planning, political activism, and conceptual . (requirement, lead)
Ex.3. Match the words to their definitions:
| 1) appoint 2) complain 3) treat 4) supervise 5) initiate 6) assist 7) interfere 8) ignore 9) bottom, n 10) flexible 11) top, n 12) demand, v | a) to help b) to deal with c) to give someone job as d) to grumble because something is wrong e) to start something going f) to watch over work, to see that it is well done g) not to notice (on purpose) h) to meddle, to get involved i) to ask insistently for something j) highest point k) lowest point l) adaptable |
Ex. 4. What's the English for:
| 1) (- - 2) 3) ( -), 4) , - 5) , | 6) , 7) - 8) , 9) , 10) -/- 11) 12) |
Ex. 5. Translate into English:
1) .
2) , , , .
3) , , .
4) , .
5) , .
6) , - .
Ex.6. Make up situations using the following words and word combinations:
| A 1) to perform a role 2) source of stress and overload 3) to demand 4) appointment 5) to neglect 6) to identify (rights and obligations) 7) top 8) bottom | 1) to require (individual attention) 2) to complain 3) to treat 4) to ignore (problems) 5) supervision 6) flexible 7) public 8) private |
B. Pre-reading Exercises
Ex. 1. Look at the heading of the text and predict the contents of it.
