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THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
1: Geographical Survey (territory and structure).
2 Composition of the country
3: National Economy and Chief Industries of the UK.
4: Political System.
5: The System of Education in the UK
6: How they live (culture, leisure, holidays)
7: Places to see in Britain
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
8: Geographical Survey. Economy.
9: A brief history of the United States (before the independence)
10: A brief history of the United States (after the independence)
11: Political System
12: The System of Education in the USA
13: One from many(cultural diversity)
14: How they live (culture, leisure, holidays)
15: Course review (test)
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- ң қ ә қ , ә , , ң , ң қ , ү ң ә -әү қ;
- Ққ қ ұққ қ;
- ғ- ұң ғ қ ғ қ ә қ қ ө, ү ң ұ ғ ғ.
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- қ ң қ ғ ;
- ү ң қ ә қ ;
- ә-ққ ө;
- ү ң қ ;
- қғқ құ;
- қ ғ ң ң құ ә ү;
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- -әү, ә-ғұ, ұқ ә;
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- ә ү ү ғ ң ;
-ү ғ ғ ң, ұқ қ ө ң ғқ құ .
THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
1- Lecture. Theme: Geographical Survey (territory and structure)
Plan: 1. Geographical position (territory, physical structure and relief)
2. Climate and weather.
3. Inland waters (the largest rivers, lakes).
4. Vegetation.
5. Animal life
6. Mineral resources and their deposits.
The aim of the lecture: To get acquainted with the geographical position, climate and weather; The largest rivers, lakes and mountains; vegetation; Main economic regions of the UK; Mineral resources and their deposits; General characteristics of British Industry.
Key words:
Europe ['juәrәp] Epona
the English Channel [i`ŋgliʃ`tʃænl]-
the Irish Sea ['aiәri∫'si:] - oe Mope
the Isle of Wight [ail әv'wait]
Anglesea ['æŋglsi:] -
the Isle of Man ['ail әv'mæn]
the Hebrides ['hebridi:z] -
Scotland [skɔtlənd] -
the Orkney Islands ['ɔːknɪ ' aɪləndz]
the Shetland Islands ['ʃetlənd' aɪləndz ]
England [ɪŋglənd] -
Wales [weilz]
moorland ['muәlәnd] ,
the Highlands of Scotland [hailәndz әv'skɔtlәnd]
Glasgow ['gl ɑːsgou]
Aberdeen [,æbә'di:n]
Ben Nevis ['ben'neviz]
the Central Plain of Scotland ['sentrәl'plein әv'skɔtlənd]
the Pennines [penainz] -
the Cumbrians -[kʌmbrɪənz]
Snowdon ['snoudәn]
the Lake District ['leik'distrikt]
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the Thames [temz] -
Oxford ['ɔksfәd]
the Gulf Stream ['gʌlf,stri:m] -
the Gulf of Mexico ['meksikou]
Severn ['sevәn]-
the Bristol Channel ['bristәl' t∫ænl]
the Tyne [tain] .
the Trent [trent] - p.
'' the Mersey ['mә:zi] .
Liverpool ['livәpul] -
the Clyde[klaid] - .
Cumberland[kʌmbәlend]-e
Westmorland [westmәlәnd]-
Lancashire [læŋkә∫iә]-
Northumberland [nɔ:Өʌmbələnd]-
Yorkshire [jɔːk ʃɪə]-
Nottinghamshire [nɔtiŋæm∫iә]-
Cornwall [kɔːnwəl]-́
Devonshire [devәn∫iә]-
Derbyshire [d:bi∫iә]-
Cumberland [kʌmbәlәnd]-
The content of the lecture: GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. TERRITORY AND STRUCTURE. RELIEF
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles-a large group of islands lying on the north-western coast of Europe and separated from the continent by the English Channel (or La Manche) and Strait of Dover (or Pas de Calais) in the south and the North Sea in the east. The British Isles consist of two large islands Great Britain and Ireland separated by the Irish Sea, and a lot of small islands, the main of which are the Isle of Wight in the English Channel, Anglesea and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea, the Hebrides a group of islands off the north-western coast of Scotland, and two groups of islands lying to the north of Scotland: the Orkney Islands and the Shetland Islands.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the official name of the state which is sometimes referred to as Great Britain or Britain (after its major historic part) or the British Isles.
The UK is an Island state: it is composed of about 5,500 islands, large and small. The two main islands are Great Britain (in which are England, Wales and Scotland) to the east and Ireland (in which are Northern Ireland and the Independent Irish Republic) to the west. They are separated by the Irish Sea.
The general slope of the land is from north-west to south-east. The mountains cover the greater part of the northern, western and middle Great Britain. They can be divided into the following groups:
a) The Highlands of Scotland occupy most of the land to the north-west of a line drawn from Glasgow to Aberdeen. Two parts of the Highlands-the North-western Highlands and the Grampians-are separated by a narrow valley, through which runs the Caledonian Canal. At the south-western end of the Highlands rises Ben Nevis, 1343m, the highest mountain of the British Isles.
b) The Central Plain of Scotland separates the Highlands from the Southern Uplands of Scotland. The Southern Uplands and the Pennines, which stretch in the north-south direction across the northern and middle parts of England, from a practically continuous group.
c) Nearly the whole of Wales is occupied by the Cumbrians. The highest peak of the Cumbrians is Snowdon, 1085m.
The south-eastern part of England is lowland, interrupted in places by low chalk ridges.
The UK is one of the worlds smaller countries (it is twice smaller than France or Spain), with an area of some 244,100 (244,088) square kilometers. English is not the only language which people use in the UK. English is the official language. But some people speak Gaelic in western Scotland, Welsh in parts of northern and central Wales.
The flag of the UK, known as the Union Jack, is made up of three crosses. the upright red cross is the cross of St. George, the patron saint of England. The white diagonal cross is the cross of St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland. The red diagonal cross is the cross of St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland.
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CLIMATE and WEATHER
Great Britain enjoys the humid and mild marine West-Coast climate with warm winters and cool summers and a lot of rainfall throughout the year.
The prevailing winds blow from the south-west. As these winds blow from the ocean, they are mild in winter and cool in summer, and are heavily charged with moisture at all times. Therefore the wettest parts of Britain are those areas where high mountains lie near the west coast: the western Highlands of Scotland, the Lake District and North Wales. The eastern part of Britain is said to be in the rain-shadow, as the winds lose most of their moisture in their passage over the highlands of the west.
All parts of the British Isles receive rain at any time of the year. Still autumn and winter are the wettest seasons, except in the Thames district, where most rain falls in the summer half of the year. Oxford, for example, has 29 per cent of its rain in summer and only 22 per cent in winter.
As to temperature, Great Britain has warmer winter than any other district in the same latitude. It is due in large measure to the prevalence of mild south-west winds. Another factor is the Gulf Stream, which flows from the Gulf of Mexico and brings much warmth from the equatorial regions to north-western Europe.
INLAND WATERS
The rivers of GB are short, their direction and character are determined by the position of the mountains. Most of the rivers flow by the eastward direction since the west coast is mountainous.
Due to the humid climate and abundant rainfall, the water level in the rivers is always high. The rivers seldom freeze in winter; most of them remain ice free. Many of the rivers are joined together by canals. This system of rivers and canals provides a good means of cheap inland water transport.
British rivers are not navigable for ocean ships, but they form deep estuaries, and strong tides penetrating into them prevent the formation of deltas. Most of the large ports of Great Britain are situated in the estuaries.
The most important rivers are Severn, flowing from the Cumbrian Mountains in Wales into the Bristol Channel, the Thames, flowing across the plains of south-eastern England and emptying into the North Sea, the Tyne and the Trent, flowing from the eastern slopes of the Pennines to the North Sea, the Mersey, flowing down the western slopes of the Pennines and emptying into the Irish Sea at Liverpool, and the Clyde in Scotland, which flows west across the Southern Uplands and on which the port of Glasgow is situated.
Owing to the fact that British lakes are rather small and have no outlets, they afford limited economic possibilities in the system of navigable waterways. But most of them, especially those situated in the counties of Cumberland, Westmorland and north Lancashire, are famous for their unique beauty and picturesque surroundings. Famous is the English Lakes District, occupying a comparatively small area. It is a place of steep ridges and deep valleys, smooth slopes and deep lakes, ravines, waterfalls and green meadows. The Lake District is one of the most popular holiday districts in Great Britain.
VEGETATION
Many parts of highland Britain have only thin, poor soils. As a result, there are large stretches of moorland in the Highlands of Scotland, the Pennines, the Lake District, the mountains of Wales and in some parts of north-east and south-west England. In most of these areas the farmers have cultivated only the valley lands and the plains where the soils are deeper and richer.
With its mild climate and varied soils, Britain has a rich natural vegetation. When the islands were first settled, oak forests have been cut down, and now woodlands occupy only about 7 per cent of the surface of the country. The most common trees are oak, beech, ash and elm, and in Scotland also pine and bitch. Most of the countryside England is agricultural land, about a third of which is arable, and the rest is pasture and meadow.
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ANIMAL LIFE
The animal life of the British Isles is now much poorer than it was a few centuries ago. With the disappearance of forests, many forest animals, including the wolf, the bear, the boar, the deer and the Irish elk, have become practically extinct. There are foxes in most rural areas, and otters are found along many rivers and streams. Of smaller animals are mice, rats, hedgehogs, moles, squirrels, hares rabbits and weasels.
There are a lot of birds, including many song-birds. Blackbirds, sparrows and starlings are probably most common. There are many sea-birds, which nest round the coasts and often fly far inland in search of food or shelter in rough weather.
MINERAL RESOURCES
GB is rich in coal. There are rich coal basins in Northumberland, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire, South Wales, North Wales and Glasgow.
Among other resources, iron ores found alongside coal layers are of primary importance. There are tin and copper mines in Cornwall and Devonshire, copper and lean mines in England. Lead and silver ores are also mined in Derbyshire and Cumberland and Lancashire.
Control questions:
1. What is the general slope of the land in GB?
2. What climate does Great Britain enjoy?
3. What are the characteristic features of this climate?
4. What mineral resources is GB rich in?
5. Why does GB have rich natural vegetation?
