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2. ()
3.
4. , (, , )
5.
6.
7.
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9.()
10. *
11. *
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| 12.
13. * ()
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15.
16.
17.
18. *
19. * ()
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| , (1-7).
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| , (8-11).
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| , (13). (12).
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| , (14-17). (19).
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| (1-17), (10, 11), , , , (10). , , (18, 19).
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| , (1-18). , , (1, 2, 5, 8, 12, 14). (10, 11). (3). , (1, 2, 9). , (8).
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| , !
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. . . . , ( , ), . ( , ), , . . . , . , . ( ). : 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18. : 13, 14.
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| | ¨
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2. ()**
3. **
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| 4. ()
5. ()
6. * (孭)
7. ()
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9. ()
10. ¨ (, )
11. ¨ ()
12. ¨ (, )
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| , , Na+ +, . +, 5+, 2+, (1). , , 譭 ; , (2-3).
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| , Na+, g2+, + 2. +, g2+, 2+, Na+.
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| Na+-+--, , . . Na+, Cl- . + g2+ 2+.
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| (1-12), (4-12), (2, 3), (1, 2, 4-6), (1).
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| (1, 4-12), (2-12), (4-12), (1), , , (4, 6), (2, 3).
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| , - , , , , , , (1). , , (1-3), , (2, 3).
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| (4-12), (4-6), , , , , (4-12), , (8-12), (8, 9), , , , (4-6).
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, !
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| , . - . , , . , , , 2 . -, ( / /). . , , . , ( 6 ). , , . , , . 5- ( ). . : 4, 5, 10, 12. : 6, 8. : 9.
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1.* (, )
2. ()
3.
4.
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6.
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8.
9.
10.
| 11. ()
12.
13.
14. *
15. *
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| , N+ , + g2+ (1); , Na + , N+ + (2-4).
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| , Na+, Cl-, (5, 6).
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| , (7-15).
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| (1-15), (11-15), , (7-9, 14, 15), (7-9, 15), , (5, 6), (1-6).
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| , (1-4); , (1); , , , (2-6); , 譭 (2, 4); (1-6).
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| , (1). , ; - , , (1-4).
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| . 筭 , ⭭ (5, 6).
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| - (7-11, 14, 15), (7, 8, 13, 15), (7, 13, 15), (12, 14), , (11), , (12, 13).
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| . , . , . . b- ( ). . . . , , . . , , 2 . : 9. : 2, 4, 7. : 8.
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| | , *, ** ***
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2. ()
3.
4. (, )
5. ()
6. (, )
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9. *
10. ***
11. ** ()
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| 12. (, )
13. (, )
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| SH- Na+-K+- . 2+ . 2+ , , (1-11). (III), , 2+ (12, 13).
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| (1-13):
1. ( , );
2. ( - );
3. ( );
4. ( ).
( , ), , , , . (1-11). (9, 10).
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| , , , , (1-6). ( ).
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| , . , , (7, 8). , .
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| (1-6, 9-11). - , (9, 10).
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| (3, 4, 7, 8). (12, 13). (1, 2, 8).
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| , !
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| -, , , , , , , , , , 2+, . , , , , . . . , , , , . 5% . . 30 , . . . , , , , . , 1-1,5 .
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| | 2+ , *, +**
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b-*
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| 1.
2. ()
3. (-)
4. / ()
5. ()
6. ()
7. ()
8.
9.
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| 10. ()
11. (, )
12. ()
13. ()
14. ()
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| 15. / (, , )
16. * (, , )
17. ** (, )
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| 18.
19. *(, )
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| | Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- (1-9).
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| b- (10-14).
| | , (15). , (16). + Mg2+ , , (17).
| | (18). b1- b2- AV (19).
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| | (1-19), , (1-5, 10, 14, 16), (2, 4-7, 10, 13), (1, 2, 4, 6, 9), (1, 2, 4, 5, 18), , (2, 10, 11, 13-16), (7), (4, 9, 18), (18, 19).
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| | (2, 11, 15); (10, 13, 14, 16); (1-6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16); (1, 5); (1-6, 17); (1, 3-5, 9, 12, 15); (1, 2, 10); (2, 8, 15, 16), (6, 12, 16); (7, 16, 17). , (10-15), , (7), (6), (10, 11).
| | , - (18, 19). (18, 19).
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| | b-, , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , . . . . , , , , , . ( ), (- ). , , . . . . , , - , , , , , , , . , / , . / . . , , . : 1, 11. : 8, 16, 17.
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| | : *
| | : **, ***, *;
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| | 1. (, -, )
2. (, , )
3. (, )
4. ()
5. * ()
| | 6. * (, )
7. * ()
8. * ()
9. * (, )
10. **()
| 11. ** ()
12. *** (, )
13. * ()
14. (, )
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| | SH-, S- c NO, , 2+ (1-4). NO, S- (5).
| | ୭ (6-13). a- b-, (14).
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| | : ; - ; . . , , . , (1-5).
| | ( ; ; ) (6-14), , (6-13), (10-12, 14); (6, 8, 9, 13). (6-8), (6, 7, 13), (7), (6).
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| | ( 1, 2, 5) (1-5), ( 1, 2), (2, 4), (1-3) (2, 3, 5) , (1).
| | (6 , 7-14), (6-13), (6, 10, 13), (10-12, 14) (14) ; ( ) (13). (6, 9, 10-14) (6) . (6, 8).
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| , !
| | , , . , . , , , , . , b-, , , . , , . b- , , , . .
: 11. : 4, 5, 14.
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| | - b-: *
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| | 15. (, )
16. ()
17. ()
| 18. ()
19. * ()
20. * ()
21. * ()
| | 22. ()
23.
| | 24. ()
25. ()
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| | b1- (15-21) b2- (19-21).
| | (22, 23), (23), .
| | , , (24). (25).
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| | ( , ), ( ), ( , ), (15-21), , (19), , (19-21), (18, 19, 21).
| | , , (22, 23), , (23).
| | , , 譭, (25). , (24, 25).
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| | , , (15-21), ( ) (15-19, 21), (15, 16, 19).
| | (22, 23), , (23).
| | , (24), (24, 25). , (25).
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| | | | | | | , !
| | . . b-. , b-, , . , . , - . , , b-, . 2-3 .
: 23, 25. : 24. : 21, 22.
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: 2016-11-23; !; : 197 | :
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, ==> ... 1709 - | 1707 -
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