- . , - . , .
, . , , , , .
16.09.15
.
- , , , , - . , , , ; , . 糺.
糺 .
(), , .
糿 , , , .
. , . - , , . ³ , () , . (h). , , , . , , , . , . -, , , ', ' . . - , . , 뺺-: P = v/VRT,
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V-' . = v/V, = RT.
.
=m/VM, P = (m/VM)RT, M = mRT/P.
. .
쳿, 㳿, , , ó. , , . Գ .
( , , , , ), - ( 䳿 ).
, ó, , . , :
, ,
3 + 3Na ( );
, ,
NH4OH + NH4Cl ( );
,
NaH2PO4 + Na2HPO4 ( );
Na2CO3 + NaHCO3 ( );
( ) (
), HCl + NH2CH2COOH ( 1,0-3,7), NH2CH2COOH
+ NOH ( 2,2 6,5).
.
.
䳿 .
3-, +, Na+:
CH3COONa → CH3COO-+ Na+
CH3COOH →CH3COO-+ H+
, ó
, :
CH3COO- + H+→ CH3COOH (pK = 4,75)
.
- + :
CH3COOH + - → CH3COO-+ H2
.
, ' , .
[H+] =Ka/ =0,1/0,1 =0,01/0,01 ,
,
. - , . . ( 3,75 5,6)
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, .
CH3COONa → CH3COO- + Na+
CH3COOH →CH3COO-+ H+
Ka=[CH3COO-] [H+]/[CH3COOH] [H+]=Ka[CH3COOH]/[CH3COO-],
[H+]=Ka /,
= - lg /
: ó , , = = 0,1 /, (3)= 1,7510-5
[H+] = 1,7510-5 0,1/0,1= 1,7510-5 /
= -lg[H+] = -lg(1.7510-5) = 4.75
:
1.
NH3∙H2O↔NH4++ OH-
NH4Cl→NH4++ Cl-
a) HCl→H+ + Cl-
NH3∙H2O+HCl=NH4Cl+H2O
NH3∙H2O+H+=NH4++H2O
b) NaOH→Na++OH-
NH4Cl + NaOH=NH3∙H2O+NaCl
NH4++OH-=NH3∙H2O
2. ó
CO2∙H2O↔H++ HCO3-
NaHCO3→Na++HCO3-
a) HCl→ H++ Cl
NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+CO2+ H2O
HCO3-+H+=CO2+ H2O
b) NaOH→ Na++OH-
CO2∙H2O+NaOH=NaHCO3+H2O
3.
NaH2PO4→Na++ H2PO4-
Na2HPO4→2Na++ HPO42-
a) HCl→ H++ Cl
Na2HPO4+HCl→ NaH2PO4 +NaCl
HPO42-+H+= H2PO4-
) NaOH→ Na++OH-
NaH2PO4+NaOH= Na2HPO4+H2O
H2PO4-+OH--= HPO42-+H2O
4.
CH3COOH↔ CH3COO-+H+
CH3COONa→ CH3COO-+Na+
a) HCl→ H++ Cl
CH3COONa+HCl= CH3COOH+NaCl
CH3COO-+H+ = CH3COOH
b) NaOH→ Na++OH-
CH3COOH+NaOH= CH3COONa+H2O
CH3COOH+OH-= CH3COO-+ H2O
.
ʳ
. -
( ), () , .
=CV/∆pHV,
, , V '
, V ' , ∆pH .
:
1.
2.
.
;
;
Δ ()
. - .
䳺 , : , , , ó, . . .
, - . Գ ' , , 㳿. ϳ - . , , , , , , .
-
' - (), ó. ³ , , - , . 7,25 7,44. , . , , .
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:
. . г .
= + lg([MA]/[HA]), 䒺 ,
[] , [] .
г , , , (7,4).
1. 75 % . (b) 볺 (b). b , , 23, +, +, . , 2 +-. , 2.
2. , . ( ) ( ).
pH = pK1 + lg(CNaHCO3/CH2CO3)
, , , ( ). , . , . , ( 6,1). 7,4 , 20 . ϳ (20:1) :- 2 ( ).
- , .
:
1. , .
2. 15 40% .
3. .
3. (NaH2PO4) (Na2HPO4) . ³, :
pH = pK2 + lg(CNa2HPO4/CNaH2PO4)
(NaH2PO4) . (Na2HPO4) .
7,4 , 4:1.
, Na2HPO4, . , NaH2PO4, . . (5-10%). ³ , . .
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4. . - . , . ó , .
-
( -)
, 䳺 , . . , ( , , ) .
ij, - 3 1, - P = cRT. , 3 2 . 2. ( ) , , P = cRT, = 2. 2>>1 ( , ). , .
, :
1) ;
2) .
(1883 .) , , . ֳ , , 1903 .
. ?
, ᒺ ( ). ( ) . ̳ , . ֳ . 20- .
, , . , , , 2 , 2, .
, , , . : , a = 80%. , 80% .
, , 80% ( 20% 䳿 .
, ( r2), ( r6). -, .
(, ) , . 䳿 . , .
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y, (. 3. 12, ). (), . y . ᒺ
(3. 53)
e - ; r - ᒺ ; e =8,85×10-12 ×-1×-1. . - ᒺ n¢i.
. (3. 54)
. 3. 12. :
y, , (1) (2) ; 0 ; ; (1) (2)
,
, (3. 55)
ni ᒺ; eiy - ; koT . ϳ (3. 53) (3. 54) (3. 55),
. (3. 56)
. . , (3. 56):
1. :
. (3. 57)
2. :
y<< koT. (3. 58)
2 (3. 56) :
(3. 59)
ϳ (3. 59) (3. 56) (3.57),
(3. 60)
2:
(3. 61)
(3. 62)
y=y -, (3. 63)
y . , . ³ , y , y=0,37 y, (. 3. 12, ). , ,
(3. 64)
ᒺ ni ziF ( z , F ), (3. 64) :
. (3. 65)
, m:
. (3. 66)
m (3. 66)
. (3. 67)
m ( ) ( ) , , ( ), . , (, l NaCl) : ( =10-2) ¢ =3,04 , ( = 10-4 ) ¢¢ = 30,4 (. 3. 12, ).
, -- . , ¢¢ , (. 3. 12, ) . ( m) . ¢ -- (. 3. 12, ) . m . . . .