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AVIATION ENGLISH: AIR TRANSPORT AND OPERATION STRUCTURE
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Aviation English: Air transport and operation structure/ : : . .: - , 2015. 88 .: .
1 Learn about aviation and space flight in English. , .
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CONTENTS
充p.4
| Unit 1 p.5 | Flying a modern airliner |
| Unit 2 p.10 | Boeing Commercial Airplanes |
| Unit 3 p.16 | British Airways |
| Unit 4 p.22 | Airbus |
| Unit 5 p.30 | Supersonic transport: Concorde |
| Unit 6 p.37 | Air traffic control system |
| Unit 7 p.44 | Benefits of Standardized Communication |
| Unit 8 p.52 | Landing, Takeoff, and En Route Procedures |
| Unit 9 p.57 | Boarding procedures |
| Unit 10 p.62 | Air shows |
Appendix 1. S upplementary reading .p.68
1 Learn about aviation and space flight in English.
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Unit 1 FLYING A MODERN AIRLINER
A modern jet is typically flown by a flight deck crew of two the pilot, and a co-pilot who acts as navigator and flight engineer. The number of aircrew has been reduced through the use of computers and improvements in instrumentation and navigational equipment.
In the latest airliners, colour screens have mostly superseded dials for the display of data on altitude, airspeed, position and other essentials. Navigation has achieved a high degree of accuracy. It still partly relies on radio beacons that provide waypoint markers along airways. The copilot tunes in a radio compass to each successive beacon along the marked route. On-board inertial navigation systems (INS) will plot the aircrafts movements to within about a mile tolerance on a long-haul flight, if its position is set correctly at the start of the journey.
Sophisticated airports have VOR (VHF omnidirectional range transmitters) with DME (distance measuring equipment), allowing the aircrew to track their position relative to their destination. In recent years, GPS satellite positioning has been added to the array of navigational improvements. Satellites also provide superb weather forecasting, a major contribution to safety and comfort.
For most of a flight, the pilots main task is to supervise the work of the autopilot and other onboard computers. ILS (instrument landing systems) are now of high quality at many airports. Responding to signals from a transmitter on the runway, on-board ILS tells the pilot if he is too high or too low, to the left or right of the correct approach path. ILS linked to an autopilot can deliver automatic landing in poor visibility. But safety still depends on pilots judgment and flying skill.
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Tourism also grew into a dominant economic activity in the worlds major cities: the centres of London, Paris, and New York became as much destinations to visit as places to work or live in. Meanwhile freight carried in jet transports altered patterns of consumption. Soon no one was surprised to find fresh fish from an African lake in a British supermarket or fresh flowers from Mauritius decorating a restaurant table in Chicago.
While airliners carried on changing the world, after 1970 the world of airliners changed comparatively little. The last 30 years of the 20th century brought no further revolution in speed or size. But progress in engine design made aircraft quieter and more fuel efficient, and increased operating range the Boeing 747- 400 could fly almost 11,000km (7,000 miles) with more than 400 passengers on board.
There was also great progress in avionics and navigation systems. In the late 1980s the Airbus A320 introduced digital fly-by-wire controls to civil aviation, as well as the so-called glass cockpit. The Boeing 777, introduced into service in 1995, was the first American fly-by-wire airliner.
The accepted wisdom was that a further leap in aircraft size might make economic sense. From the mid-1990s, Airbus had the idea of a super-jumbo, the A3XX, which would be capable of carrying 600 to 800 people.
The events of 11 September 2001 underlined how precarious commercial aviation was as a business. It appeared that many airlines, both in Europe and North America, were just not in a fit state to survive even a temporary downturn in business. It also emphasized how many flights were unnecessary tourists could stay at home, business people could make a conference call instead of a transatlantic flight. But this did not mean that any question mark hung over the future of mass air travel. A triumph of technology and organization, it had given human beings an undreamed-of mobility, and it was here to stay.
Exercises
1. Answer the following questions.
1) Who does the flight deck crew consist of?
2) What do the abbreviations INS, DME, ILS stand for?
3) What does the safety in flight depend on?
4) How did jet transports alter patterns of consumption?
5) How did progress in engine design change aircraft?
6) Does a further leap in aircraft size might make economic sense?
7) Why did the events of 11 September 2001 lead to a temporary downturn in aviation business?
2. Give the Russian equivalents for the following expressions:
(1) navigational equipment, (2) a long-haul flight, (3) more fuel efficient, (4) increased operating range, (5) transatlantic flight, (6) progress in avionics and navigation systems, (7) digital fly-by-wire controls, (8) to supervise the work of the autopilot and other onboard computers, (9) provide weather forecasting, (10) a major contribution to safety and comfort, (11) to plot the aircrafts movements, (12) to provide waypoint markers along airways, (13) the display of data on altitude, airspeed, position and other essential, (14) a high degree of accuracy, (15) a flight deck crew.
3. Rearrange the words to make sentences.
1. The/ uses /composite/ and/ design/ advanced/ reduces/ materials/ noise.
2. The/ of/ and /stronger/ safer/ future/ be/ airplane/ the/ will/ smarter.
3. With/ flight/ flying /may/ as/ driving/ someday/ new/ controls / be /easy/ as.
4. The/ efficiency/ advanced /of/ the /787/ increase/ operation/ features/ simplify.
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5. All/ planes/ on/ environment/ less/ electric/ have/ impact/ will/ negative/ our.
6. Companies/ produce/ from /will /fiberglass/ parts/ lightweight.
7. Structural/ and/ are/ concepts/ rapidly/ evolving/ materials/ design.
