| 1) | 1,5 . |
| 2) | : n(2) = 1,5 : m(2) -? |
3) , : n = 
|
n (2) = 
|
| 4) | m(2) = n(2) M(2) |
| 5) , , = =r | (2) = 12 + 16 = 18 / m(2) = 1,5 18 / = = 27 |
| 6) | ³: m(2) = 27 |
ᒺ
ᒺ ᒺ 1 . . /, 3/.
(.. - 0, 101,3 ) ᒺ 22,4 / ( ). Vm ᒺ .
ᒺ ᒺ :
,
V ᒺ ; n .
: 
ᒺ
| 1) | ᒺ 3 . |
| 2) | : n(2) = 3 : V(2) -? |
3) , ᒺ ᒺ :
n = 
|
n(2) =
|
| 4) ᒺ | V(O2) = n(O2) Vm |
| 5) ᒺ, , Vm .. 22,4 / | V(O2) = 3 22,4 / = = 67,2 |
| 6) | ³: V(O2) = 67,2 |
(N) 1 - . 6,021023. -1.
:
ʳ : 
| 1) | 6,4 ? |
| 2) | : m(S) = 6,4 : N0(S) -? |
| 3) , , . | ; 
|
| 4) . |  , 
|
| 5) , , 6,021023-1. |
N() = = 
|
| 6) | ³: N() = 1,21023. |
'
|
|
|
' (. -, 1802)
ᒺ , , ᒺ .
:
: 38 + 52 = 32 + 42()
V(38): V(2): V(2): V(2)=1:5:3:4.
´
| 1) | ᒺ (..) , () ᒺ 20 . |
| 2) | : V(2) = 20 : V(2) -? |
| 3) | 2 + 2 = 22 |
| 4) ϳ , | 2 + 2 = 22 |
| 5) ᒺ, ᒺ, | 20 2 + 2 = 22 2 1 |
| 6) ᒺ |  ;  ()
|
| 6) | ³: V(2) = 10 |
³
. D(). :
D()= 
, :
(2) = 2 /,
(2) = 32 /,
(.) = 29 /.
| 1) | (V) . |
| 2) | : SO2 : D2 -? |
| 3) | D2 = 
(2) = 2 /
D2 = 
|
| 4) (V) | r(SO2) = 32 + 162 = 64 (SO2) = 64 / |
| 5) ϳ ( 3) |
D2 = 
|
| 6) | ³: D2 = 32 |
, .
Q ', , , .
, .
 |
 |  |
( ) ( )
22 + 2= 22 + Q 2n4 = 2n4 + n2 +2↑-Q
| 1) | , 6,2 . : 4 + 52 = 225 + 3010 |
| 2) | : m() = 6,2 Q1 = 3010 : Q2 -? |
| 3) | 4 + 52 = 225 + 3010 |
| 4) ϳ | 4 + 52 = 225 + 3010 |
| 5) , , , Q | 6,2 Q 4 + 52 = 225 + 3010 n = 4 = 31 / m = 124 |
| 6) |  = 
=  = 150,5 ()
|
| 7) | ³: Q2 = 150,5 |
|
|
|
, :
; m .
m() = m() + m(),
.
ω . , l2 0,06, 6%. , 100 6 94 .
,
| 1) | , 200 0,05. |
| 2) | : m(.) = 200 ω (NaCl) = 0,05 : m(NaCl) -? |
3) , : ω (NaCl) = 
| m(NaCl) = ω (NaCl) m(.) |
| 4) ϳ | m(NaCl) = 0,05 200 = 10() |
| 7) | ³: m(NaCl) = 10 |
ᒺ .
[C] = /
| 1) | 225 (ρ = 1,5 /) 52%. |
| 2) | : m(.) = 225 ω (NaCl) = 0,05 ρ() = 1,5 / : -? |
| 3) ᒺ |
|
| 4) ϳ |
|
| 5) |  
|
| 6) ϳ | 
|
| 7) | 
|
| 8) ϳ 4 6 | 
|
| 9) | ³: = 8/ |
, , ' .
: .
| -1 | F |
| +1 | Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs |
| +2 | Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Zn |
| +3 | Al |
ó +1, -1( ).
-2, -1 ( ) +2 (F2).
-
, , , -.
|
|
|
- , , , .
|
 |
|
| .
S0 4 → S+4
| ³ .
 N+5 + 3 → N+2
|
| , , , . : 2, , 2S, N3, (), . | , , , . : 2, 3, , N3, 2S4, n4. |
| ³ (+ ) | ||||||||||||
 -4
| -3 | -2 | -1 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +5 | +6 | +7 | +8 | |
 (- )
|
, , , , .
':
1. .
2. ( ).
3. ϳ , .
4. .
5. .
| 1) | , 䳿 0,5 . |
| 2) | : n(l23) = 0,5 : m(2) -? |
| 3) | l23 + 32S4=l2 (S4)3 +32 |
| 4) ϳ , | l23 +32S4 =l2 (S4)3 + 32 |
| 5) , , | 0,5 x l23 + 32S4=l2 (S4)3 + 32 1 3 |
| 6) |  =  → = 0,53 = 1,5 ()
|
| 7) | (2) = 12 + 16 = 18 / |
| 8) ,
m = ̷n
| m(2) = (2) n(2) = = 18 / 1,5 = 27 |
| 9) | ³: m(2) = 27 |
, , .
- :
CuSO4 + 2 NaOH = Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
- , , ( , ): CuSO4 + 2 NaOH = Cu(OH)2↓ + Na2SO4
- , ( ). : Cu2++ SO42- + 2 N++2OH- = Cu(OH)2↓ + 2Na++ SO42-
- ϳ : Cu2++ SO4 2- + 2 N+ +2OH- = Cu(OH)2↓ + 2Na+ + SO4 2-
- : Cu2++ 2OH- = Cu(OH)2↓
|
|
|
. , , . , , . . , , ᒺ , , ᒺ, .
,
| 1) | , 䳿 , () 8 10. |
| 2) | : m(CuSO4) = 8 m(NaOH) = 10 : m(Cu(OH)2) -? |
| 3) | CuSO4+2 NaOH = Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 |
| 4) ϳ , | CuSO4 + 2 NaOH = Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 |
| 5) , , | 8 10 CuSO4 + 2 NaOH = Cu(OH)2↓ + Na2SO4 n=1 n=2 n=1 M=160/ M=40/ M=98/ m = 160 m = 80 m = 98 |
| 6) , |  ;  ; 0,05 < 0,125
CuSO4, .
|
| 7) , , , |  
|
| 8) | ³: m(Cu(OH)2) = 4,9 |
. . , , , . , , .
( ) , , .
,
| 1) | 400 0,2? |
| 2) | : m() = 400 ω() = 0,2 : m(CaO) -? |
| 3) | ω(.) = 1 - ω() ω(3) = 1 0,2 = 0,8 m(.)= ω(.) m() m(3) = 0,8 400 = 320 () |
| 4) | 3 → CaO + CO2 |
| 5) ϳ , | 3 → CaO + CO2 |
| 6) , , | 320 3 → CaO + CO2 n = 1 n = 1 = 100 / = 56 / m = 100 m = 56 |
| 7) |  
|
| 8) | ³: m(CaO) = 179,2 |
- . ( ᒺ) , , , (ᒺ, ) . (ᒺ) , , . 100%, , . (ᒺ) , , . . :
|
|
|
| 1) | 112 120 . . |
| 2) | : m() = 112 m(()2) = 120 : η -? |
| 3) | + 2 = ()2 |
| 4) ϳ , | + 2 = ()2 |
| 5) , , . ! ! | 112 + 2 = ()2 n = 1 n = 1 = 56 / = 74 / m = 56 m = 74 |
| 6) |  
|
7) :
η =  100%
|
η =  , 81%
|
| 8) | ³: η(()2) = 81% |
| 1) | ϳ 4,6 (V) 8,8 5,4 . 1,59. . |
| 2) | : m() = 4,6 m(2) = 8,8 m(2) = 5,4 D = 1,59 : -? |
3) : D = 
| D =  ; () = 29 /
() = () D = 29 1,59 =
= 46 /
|
| 4) | 2 (2) = 44/
44 12
8,8 --------
= 
|
| 5) ó | 2 (2) = 18 /
18 2 = 
5,4 -------
|
| 6) , | m() = m() m() m() m() = 4,6 2,4 0,6 = 1,6 () |
| 7) , ó | : : = = 
|
| 8) | : 26 , . . (26) = 122 + 16 + 16 = 46 / n = 46/46 = 1 ( 1 䳿) |
| 9) | ³: 26 |
1.
| : , , Na, g, F |
| : , , , g, Zn |
| : l, |
| Fe , |
| u , |
| s, , V |
| b, Sn, , V |
| S , V, V |
| l, r, , , V, V |
2.
+δ, -δ ( , ); .
.. : 101,3 , 760 . ., 0, 273.
- - .
+ - .
n0 - .
t ( ) .
( ) .
k ( ) .
↑ ( ) ( ).
↓ ( ) .
:
a ( ) ;
b ;
c ( );
d ( , );
f ( , .
* - .
