.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





() , (, ) . .

, . . . . , .

. , , . , . , . , . . , ; .

, , , , .,

:

;

;

.

. , , . , .

"" .

"" . , , , . .

(), , , :

, ;

;

;

;

, , ;

;

;

.

 

, , , , , . "", , " ". MS SQL "".

SQL

SQL . 1974-1975 .. IBM . System/R IBM , . , SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language).

1978-1979 .. - SQL.

1982 IBM SQL/Data System. 1983 IBM Database 2 (DB2). SQL, IBM, .

1986 SQL (ANSI / ISO) SQL. , , . , , -, , , -, , / .

( ) . SQL : ( , ..), (, , ), ( , , ), ( ), (, , ), ( ..).

ANSI SQL 6 :

1.

data definition language DDL

create table

alter table

drop table

create index

alter index

drop index

2.

Data manipulation language DML

insert

update

delete

3.

data query language DQL

select

4.

data control language DCL

grant

revoke

5.

transaction processing language TPL

begin transaction

comit transaction

save transaction

6.

cursor control language CCL

declare cursor

fetch into

update where current

MS SQL Jet CCL DCL.

, MS Access, :

: , , ,

: , , , ,

: , ,

, . , , .

, .


SELECT * FROM

, .

, . , . :

SELECT , , FROM

, . , (.. , , ).

. , .

SELECT , , FROM WHERE =┻

, . , where , select. , , , .. .

, , .

where , . : =, < >, >, <, <=, >=, AND, OR, BETWEEN, LIKE, IN.

( ), , , 2.

SELECT , FROM WHERE = AND =2

, . , . ! , , . :

SELECT ., ., . FROM , WHERE .= AND .=.

. -, , , . , , , , . , (), . WHERE, : .=.. AND .

, ( ) . , , 2008 .

SELECT ., ., . FROM , , WHERE .=. AND .=. AND .=2008

, . -, , . , ORDER BY. SQL , . , , . .

SELECT . AS , . AS , . FROM , , WHERE .=. AND .=. AND .=2008 ORDER BY ,

, . . , , , .. . , . , , .

SELECT . AS , . AS , . * . AS FROM , , WHERE .=. AND .=. AND .=2008 ORDER BY DESC

, DESC, ( ) ASC. .

, , 2008 . , . .

SELECT . AS FROM , , WHERE .=. AND .=. AND .=2008 ORDER BY

, . 2008 , . . DISTINCT ().

SELECT DISTINCT . AS FROM , , WHERE .=. AND .=. AND .=2008 ORDER BY

DISTINCT . , SELECT. , . DISTINCT ROW. , 2008 , , . DISTINCT ROW, (, 2008 ).

ALL ( ), . TOP n, n . , , 10 25 , .

SELECT TOP 25 . AS , . AS , . AS FROM , , WHERE .=. AND .=. ORDER BY DESC

JOIN . ISO92. , WHERE. WHERE. , , -, .

SELECT TOP 25 . AS , . AS , . AS FROM INNER JOIN ON .=. INNER JOIN ON .=. ORDER BY DESC

, . -, , ( ). -, JOIN LEFT OUTER RIGHT OUTER, . OUTER . , . , , , - , 2009 . WHERE INNER JOIN, , 2009 . , . null.

SELECT . AS , . AS , . AS FROM LEFT JOIN ON .=. LEFT JOIN ON .=. ORDER BY DESC

RIGHT JOIN , , , ( FROM) . , .

SELECT . AS , . AS , . AS FROM RIGHT JOIN ON .=. RIGHT JOIN ON .=. ORDER BY DESC

- , . . , , . . . , . , . , 1., 2 ., 1 . , , 18 ., 1 . .. , . , . , , .

SELECT ., . FROM INNER JOIN ON .=.

, INNER LEFT, . , .

SELECT . : SUM(), MAX(), MIN() . . , GROUP BY ( ). . : , , GROUP BY. , .

SELECT SUM(.) AS FROM GROUP BY .

.

SELECT ., SUM(.) AS FROM INNER JOIN ON .=. GROUP BY .

. , .

SELECT ., SUM(.) AS FROM INNER JOIN ON .=. GROUP BY ., .

. , . WHERE , .. . . HAVING. , HAVING , . , , WHERE. , 100000 .

SELECT ., SUM(.) AS FROM INNER JOIN ON .=. GROUP BY . HAVING >100000

: UNION. , , . (), , .

SELECT , _ as FROM

UNION SELECT , FROM

: : , .. . , , . , , .

. , , ( ).

SELECT , _ as FROM

UNION SELECT , FROM WHERE . IN (

SELECT FROM (

SELECT TOP 20 . as , ., SUM(.) as FROM GROUP BY . INNER JOIN ON .=.))

.





:


: 2016-11-18; !; : 325 |


:

:

, .
==> ...

1697 - | 1550 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.039 .