1. . , 6 . 2. . . 3. 17 , 1967, 15 . 4. 10 , ? 5. , . 6. , , 6 ? 7. ? , . . 8. . , . 9. . . 10. .
Ex. 15. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
1. , . 2. . 3. , . 4. . 5. , Wall Street Institute. . 5. , , . 7. ? 8. - , . ?
9. . 10. , , . 11. . 12. . , . 13. , . 14. .
Ex. 16. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
1. , . 2. , , . 3. . 4. , , . 5. , , . 6. , . 7. ? 8. ! 9. , . 10. . 11. , . 12. , . 13. , , . 14. .
Ex. 17. Translate into Russian using the proper prepositions.
1. . 2. . 3. , . 4. ; . 5. . 6. . 7. , , . 8. . 9. (chopped) .10. (latitudes) , take refuge) . 11. ( ). 12. . 13. , . 14. . 15. , . 16. (reached) . 17. . 18. . 19. , , , . 20. ? 21. , , .
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Ex. 18. Translation.
1. . 2. . 3. . 4. , ! 5. . 6. , , . 7. (supplies) . 8. , . 9. , , . 10. . 11. ! 12. . 13. . 14. . 15. .
.1. The Verb
1. The verb is a part of speech which denotes an action. The verb has the following grammatical categories: person, number, tense, aspect, voice and mood. These categories can be expressed by means of affixes, inner flexion (change of the root vowel) and by form words.
Verbs may be transitive and intransitive.
Verbs have finite forms which can be used as the predicate of a sentence and non-finite forms which cannot be used as the predicate of a sentence.
2. According to their morphological structure verbs are divided into:
(a) simple (read, live, hide, speak);
(b) derived, i. e. having affixes (magnify, fertilize, captivate, undo, decompose);
(c) compound, i, e. consisting of two stems (daydream, browbeat);
(d) composite, consisting of a verb and a postposition of adverbial origin (sit down, go away, give up).
The postposition often changes the meaning of the verb with which it is associated. Thus, there are composite verbs whose meaning is different from the meaning of their components: to give up , ; to bring up ; to do away .
3. The basic forms of the verb in Modern English are: the Infinitive, the Past Indefinite and Participle II: to speak spoke spoken,
According to the way in which the Past Indefinite and Participle II are formed, verbs are divided into three groups: regular verbs, irregular verbs, and mixed verbs.
1. Regular verbs. They form the Past Indefinite and Participle II by adding -ed to the stem of the verb, or only -d if the stem of the verb ends in. -e.,
to want wanted; to unite united; to open opened; to live lived.
The pronunciation of -ed (-d) depends, on the sound preceding it. It is pronounced:
[id] after t; d: wanted, landed;
[d] after voiced consonants except d and after vowels: opened, played;
[t] after voiceless consonants except t: worked.
The following spelling rules should be observed:
(a) Final is changed into i before the addition of -ed if it is preceded by a consonant.
to carry carried; to reply replied.
remains unchanged if it is preceded by a vowel.
to enjoy enjoyed
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(b) If a verb ends in a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled.
to stop stopped; to plan planned; to sob sobbed; to stir stirred;
Final r is doubled if it is preceded by a stressed vowel.
to occur occurred; to prefer preferred; to refer referred.
Final r is not doubled when preceded by a diphthong.
to appear appeared
Final l is doubled if it is preceded by a short vowel, stressed or unstressed:
to compel compelled; to quarrel quarreled.
2. Irregular verbs. Here belong the following groups of verbs:
(a) verbs which change their root vowel.
to sing sang sung; to meet met met; to win won won.
(b) verbs which change their root vowel and add -en for Participle II.
to speak spoke spoken; to write wrote written; to take took taken.
(c) verbs which change their root vowel and add -d or -t.
to sell sold sold; to bring brought brought.
(d) verbs which change their final -d into -t
to send sent sent; to build built built.
(e) verbs which have the same form for the Infinitive, Past Indefinite and Participle II.
to put put put; to set set set; to shut shut shut.
(f) verbs whose forms come from different stems.
to be was, were been; to go went gone.
(g) special irregular verbs
to have had had; to make made made; to do did done
(h) defective (anomalous) verbs.
can could; must; ought; may might; will would; shall should.
3. Mixed verbs. Their Past Indefinite is of the regular type, and their Participle II is of the irregular type:
to show showed shown
4. According to the syntactic function of verbs, they are divided into notional verbs, auxiliary verbs and link verbs.
1. Notional verbs are those which have a full meaning of their own and can be used without any additional words as a simple predicate. Here belong such verb as to write; to read; to speak; to know; to ask.
2. Auxiliary verbs are those which have lost their meaning and are used only as form words, thus having only a grammatical unction. Here belong such verbs as to do, to have, to be, shall, will, should, would, may.
I dont recollect that he ever did anything, at least not in my time.
3. Link verbs are verbs which have lost their meaning and are used in the compound nominal predicate.
The house was too big.
The old face looked worn and hollow again.
In different contexts the same verb can be used as a notional verb and an auxiliary verb or a link verb:
...She, turned her head sullenly away from me. [notional verb]
She... turned deadly pale. [link verb]
5. As has been stated above a verb can be transitive and in transitive. Transitive verbs can take a direct object, i. e. they express an action which passes on to a person or thing directly. Here belong such verbs as to take, to give, to send, to make, to see, to show, to bring, to love, etc.
Jon had never loved her so much as in that moment.
Intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object. Here belong such verbs as to stand, to sleep, to laugh, to think, to lie, to swim.
She shrank slowly away from him, and stood quite still.
There are verbs whose primary meaning is transitive and whose secondary meaning is intransitive. Here belong such verbs as to sett, to read, to add, to ad, etc.
This book sells well.
There are verbs whose primary meaning is intransitive and whose secondary meaning is transitive. Here belong such verbs as to work, to starve, to walk, to run.
For that man, Ive been running people through the front line!
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There are verbs which in different contexts can be transitive or intransitive. It is impossible to say which meaning is primary and which is secondary. Here belong such verbs as to open, to move, to turn, to change, to drop, etc.
6. The category of tense is very clearly expressed in the forms of the English verb. This category denotes the relation of the action either to the moment of speaking or to some definite moment in the past or future. The category of tense and the category of aspect are intermingled. The category of aspect shows the way in which the action develops, whether it is in progress or completed, etc. In Russian the category of aspect predominates, and the category of tense is subordinated to it. In English the category of tense predominates and aspect is subordinated to it. Some of the English tenses denote time relations, others denote both time and aspect relations.
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There are four groups of tenses: Indefinite; Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous.
7. Voice is the category of the verb which indicates the relation of the predicate to the subject and the object.
There are three voices in English: the active voice, the passive voice, and the neuter-reflexive voice.
The active voice shows that the person or thing denoted by the subject is the doer of the action expressed by the predicate.
The passive voice shows that the person or thing denoted by the subject is acted upon.
8. Mood is a grammatical category which indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality.
We distinguish the indicative mood, the imperative mood, and the subjunctive mood.
.2. The Indefinite Form
The Indefinite form merely shows that the action takes place in the present, past or future. The form of the verb gives no indication as to its duration or completion.
THE PRESENT INDEFINITE
