Another transform may be derived from the same sentences with VI: "the singing bird," "the barking dog," "the smoking chimney," "the dancing girl".
There are restrictions for these nominalising transformations thus "the chimney's smoking" is not acceptable because 'chimney' is an inanimate N; "the smoking girl" is not acceptable because 'smoking' is a VT, not a VI The NP "the dancing hall" is the product of the sentence with BE The hall is for dancing."
C. On the morphemic level the V is changed into V -to, on the syntactic level it is preceded by N with the function word 'for':
E.g. The bird sings for the bird to sing
The man drinks for the man to drink
The dog barks for the dog to bark
When the NP of the kernel sentence is general personal, as 'one' 'people', 'everybody', and the like, the 'for NP ' is zeroed. "It's pleasant to read a good book." "It's a pleasure to hear a good song."
D. The N -transform may express 'thing-place' relation.
"The road was (lay, lead, stretched) ahead (to the station) the road to the station.
The V synonymous to BE are deleted.
E. All these transforms can be used in NP positions.
(1) The position of the first NP (subject).
E.g. The death of the man changed everything.
The barking of the dogs became louder.
The girl's dancing was beautiful.
A smoking chimney loomed in the distance.
For the bird to sing is natural.
For the driver to drink is dangerous.
(2) In the position of the second NP (object).
E.g. She heard about the death of the man.
I suggest for us to sing a song.
We admired the girl's dancing.
I heard a barking dog.
We must avoids/or the baby to fall.
(3) In the position of NP after BE.
E.g. This is the barking of the dog.
That was a smoking chimney.
The best thing was the dancing of the Polovetz girls.
It was the fall of the man that frightened me.
(4) After A.
E.g. It is harmful for a man to drink much.
It is natural for a dog to bark.
It is for a baby to have a fall.
VII. Nominalisati on s of sentences with VT (Transitive), in the N-transforms of these sentences different relations can be rendered repeating the relations of the underlying structures: 'actor - action' relations, 'action - object' relations, 'action - place of action' or 'action - time of action' relations.
A. NP1 V1 NP2 TN / V (er) of N2
E.g. They lead the party the leaders of the party
He manages the bank the manager of the bank
He lives books the lover of books.
The operations applied are: (1) on the morphemic level the noun is derived from the V, (2) on the syntactic level the NP2 is connected with N / V by the preposition 'of'.
B. The same kernel sentences may produce different N -transforms: on the morphemic level the V is transformed into V -ing and NP1 is transformed into NP's:
their leading the party
his managing the bank
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his loving books
This transformation can be applied to all structures with VT.
NP1 VT NP2 NP1' s V -ing NP2
E.g. The girl read the poem the girl's reading poem
The man said it the man's saying it.
We saw them off our seeing them off
The boy met us the boy's meeting us.
In these two kinds of transforms 'actor - action object' relations are rendered.
In the next nominalising transformation action relations are rendered. The transformation involves two levels. On the morphemic level the N / V by the preposition 'of'.
. The formula here is as follows:
NP1 VT NP2 NP1 's (or some other determiner) TN / V of NP2
E.g. They loved the beautiful their love of (for) the beautiful.
He composed his stories the composition of his stories
They treated the children cruelly their cruel treatment of the children.
D. The active construction can be first transformed into passive and then nominalised.
They smoke fish fish is smoked smoked fish
He wrote a poem the poem was written the written poem.
The hunter killed a bear the bear was killed the killed bear
She finished the letter the letter was finished the finished letter
E. Sentences with 'make (up)', 'form' have a special way of being nominalised.
E.g. The ice made a film on the pond a film was made by ice (on the pond) a film was made of ice a film of ice.
The (sparkling) drops made a fountain a fountain was made by drops a fountain was made of drops a fountain of (sparkling) drops.
The foam formed a line a line was formed of foam a line of foam.
The kernel sentence is first transformed into a passive construction, then the preposition is changed into 'of ', and at last the V 'make' or 'form' is crossed out.
Such N -transforms are very much used in English, "a streak of yellow," "a cloud of dust," "a heap of grain," "a line of snowy mountain peaks," "a pool of water," etc.
F. Adverbial relations of place and time are rendered in the following N-transforms:
E.g. He studies six more years his six more years of study.
The man came from the East the man from the East.
G. The transforms with V-to.
E.g. They loved the beautiful for them to love the beautiful
They lead the soldiers for them to lead the soldiers
She read several poems for her to read several poems.
All these N-transforms can be used in the NP positions in other sentences.
H. In the position of NP1 (subject).
E.g. Lowers of books often visit second-hand book shops.
His managing the bank was a success.
The man's saying it put me on my guard.
Their love for children was genuine.
For them to love the beautiful was essential.
The killed bear was enormous.
I. In the position of NP2 (object).
E.g. We admired the girl's reciting that poem.
I was afraid of his seeing us.
I love smoked fish.
We were disgusted with their cruel treatment of the children.
I heard of his six more years of study.
J. In the NP position after BE.
E.g. They are lovers of books.
This was their love for children that made them take the risk.
This was the killed bear.
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VIII. The study of the mechanism of nominalising transformations shows that the main procedures applied on the syntactic level are:
(1) deletion of BE and HAVE and of the verbs of the same groups such as 'contain', 'consist', 'lie', 'stretch'; (2) the introduction of prepositions (mostly 'of) between the two NP; (3) permutation of NP1 and NP2;
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on the morphemic level:
(1) the derivation of the corresponding N from V (N / V):
'compose - composition', 'remove - removal', govern government', etc.; the derivation of N -er (manage - the one who manages - manager) denoting 'action - actor'; the derivation of the corresponding N from A;
(2) transformation of V -finite into V -ing with a possessive subject, or embedding it between the determiner and N;
(3) transforming V -finite into V -to preceded by 'for N ' as subject
Passive transforms of sentences with VT can also produce nominal transforms, the operations applied are: (1) deletion of BE, (2) embedding V -en between the determiner and the N.
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IX. The study of nominalisation also shows that nominalised transforms may be classed into three groups: (I) NP fully (perfectly, wholly) nominalised, that is consisting of two N, without any V; (2) those containing a V as V -ing, V -to or V -en; the third type must be added here, it is a clause with a finite V capable of standing in an NP positions in some other sentences. "What he brought is here," but more appropriately this transformation is included into,sentence-sequence' T-grammar.
Thus we may also distinguish three degrees of nominalisation.
(1) The slightest degree when the only trait of nominalisation is the capability of standing in the NP position (N -clauses).
(2) The lower degree when the transform capable of standing in the NP position still have a V, but it is non-finite (semiclauses).
(3) The higher degree of nominalisation, N structures without V.
X. The grammar of nominalising transformations has not only got a practical significance, it is of considerable theoretical value as it solves the problem of the concept of' word-group' which could hardly be solved by non-transformational grammar, because the grammars of' word-groups' and that of 'parts of the sentence' are neither differentiated, nor anyhow connected into one system.
Transformational grammar approaches with the same criterion all types of sentences, stating whether they are kernel sentences or transforms and then sets out transformational rules which are essentially the same in all the parts of syntax (deletion, permutation, substitution, function words).
II. Practical tasks
